ВКР 21.06.17 Калюжный ред. (1194122), страница 15
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The next element of this foundation is a weak trust in our law enforcement bodies, as people do not believe in the results of the fight against bribery and extortion.
In addition, we must not forget about the specifics of administrative control in educational institutions, when punishments are carried out in the form of disposable rather than systematic actions, that is, there is no fear of being responsible «until they take the hand». That is, the heads of educational institutions in the report on the implementation of preventive measures on the problems of corruption are allowed in most cases «dust in the eyes», showing what a favorable situation has developed in the university.
Official - the creature, as a rule, weak, sloppy and often greedy, which allows it to be taken to clean water - is always ready to exchange their powers for an unlimited number of banknotes. The higher the position of an official in a bureaucratic vertical, the more money he can earn by selling his own specific services in a shady order. The list of faculties and specialties offered by each particular educational institution this year is practically the same as it was last year, although some innovations are present.
The admissions offices of higher education institutions hope that they will be joined by class-conscious prospective students who have not only a large amount of
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knowledge, but also firmly decided to devote their lives to the once and for all chosen profession, especially the one that is currently in demand on the labor market.
Unfortunately, in practice it turns out not always so. Someone is going to put a tick on the availability of higher education, someone on the advice of parents, not having plans to work in this sphere in the future, but is a category of citizens who want to get a profession, but either do not want to learn, or they try Get a diploma, in simple terms, «simpler». Hence, there are threads of corruption.
The range of phenomena that can be covered by the concept of «shadow economic relations in the sphere of higher education» is as follows: admission to institutions of higher education to budget places using social capital: through friends, acquaintances, relatives, which implies the return of any benefits or services; Admission to the university, using «expensive» classes with a tutor (latent form of bribery); Receipt by direct bribe; Receiving a test, exam, training practice for money (souvenir, gift); The purchase of an essay, term paper, thesis work; Tutoring teachers of the university, where students study, as a hidden form of taking bribes.
The system of the school, which is free of corruption, is characterized by the following:
- Access to educational opportunities;
-equity in the distribution of curricula and materials;
-Histness and transparency in the selection criteria for higher
-Correctness in accreditation, in which all institutions are evaluated by professional standards equally, in applied and open forms for the public;
-Correctness in the acquisition of educational goods and services;
- Maintain professional standards of conduct on the part of those who direct educational institutions and teachers, whether public or private
Categories of Educational Corruption.
Some refer to corruption, as if they were a unitary concept or a problem with one dimension. This is much more difficult than many people understand. Such frequent
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corruption in education can not be well defined without differentiating one type from another.
Corruption in the choice. Educational opportunities are formed not as a rectangle, but as a pyramid.
Teachers sometimes argue that certain types of tests and methods of selection are «better» than others. For example, some may argue that essays, questions or oral exams are better than test questions. Such discussions do not lead to anything good.
Three principles help determine the choice of appropriate methods of selection:
1) available resources,
2) logistical problems,
3) The level of public responsibility.
In 2014-2015, Khabarovsk Investigative Department of the Far Eastern Investigation Department on Transport of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation instituted 31 criminal cases against students of the state educational institution of higher professional education in accordance with Article 291 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - giving bribes (16 of them for 9 months of 2015). In 2014-2015, 15 convictions were passed in cases of bribery, of which 10 for 9 months of 2015. 15 cases are sent to the court, and are pending, one case is being investigated.
On the facts of receiving a bribe and service fraud against an official of an educational institution in 2014, 1 criminal case was initiated, which has already been examined by the court and conviction has been passed on it. According to 28 episodes of fraud, a person who received bribes from the students for grading without passing tests and examinations under the guise of an «intermediary» in the transfer of bribes (criminal cases initiated in 2014 and 2015 and joined together in one proceeding) are currently being investigated.
The amount of bribes is calculated from the amount saved on all this time and the forces that can be expended on these actions. Naturally not all teachers are corrupt, but the students develop a typical picture in the head, on the example of the rest, that
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you can «buy» any person. According to experts, about 5.5 billion rubles are involved in corruption schemes each year.
Proceeding from all this, it is possible to answer the question, why students, applicants and their parents go to serious investments at admission and study in higher educational institutions - good, value, which in the future should be expressed in material profit, i.е. Means a monetary equivalent.
A conscious choice of entering into a corruption relationship committed by a student, overcoming obstacles during the course of study, can be interpreted as a successful way of achieving the goal, rather than an involuntary measure that is provoked by a «hungry teacher».
Summing up, I would like to say that some attempts have been made to eradicate corruption at the educational level, for example, the introduction of the Unified State Examination, which was supposed to help to exclude bribery of the certification commission. In the universities, various levels of achievement control, for example, intermediate control points, were introduced, but this did not help to stop bribes during sessions.
As a result, students can continue the career of a bribe taker, seeing that there are gaps in legislation and their actions are not being stopped at all.
As a rule, in the corruption case one side is responsible for the blame, the student can be expelled from the university, and the teacher is subjected to criminal punishment or dismissed from the university.
The tasks set in the beginning of the work were fulfilled. A detailed concept of corruption, a criminally-legal and forensic characteristics of corruption crimes is given, the experience of foreign countries in combating corruption in higher education is analyzed. For example, we should follow the experience of Singapore in carrying out reforms.
The results of the survey made it possible to draw certain conclusions, one of which is the idea of increasing the responsibility of all parties to the perpetrators of a corruption crime.
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We also believe that the low level of the legal culture of the subjects is undoubtedly a negative factor that hinders the process of the formation of civil society in the Russian Federation. Change this process and deploy in a positive direction can be by increasing the level of legal culture of society.
Universities often keep silent about the facts of bribes, although this should not happen at all. Each university is afraid for its own reputation. It is also necessary for each university to develop a specific plan of action in the event of a corruption event, and follow this plan step by step.
These actions are required to set an example for children, young people, how not to do and how to deal with corruption, if this fact was noticed.
But, unfortunately, most people have an opinion that all anti-corruption measures are ineffective. Hence, there is a mistrust of law enforcement agencies and their activities. We can not say that today's policy does not help. The government is developing every year more and more new bills and chooses different strategies to combat corruption.
Given that education is the basis for the development of the nation and the survival of the global economy, it is necessary that this negative trend should be limited as soon as possible. Nothing can destroy the country more than a poor and corrupt education system. Consequently, this issue requires not only special attention of the scientific community, but largely affects the field of international criminal law. Therefore, massive campaign should be launched in order to close quasi-educational institutions that produce «intellectual cripples». Education should be restored to its original role, however, with a new prefix that creates an education aimed at the needs of students and new knowledge that will be synergistic with the demand in the local, regional and global labor markets. More than ever before we need knowledge that can be applied to the 21st century’s economy, economy which is based on know. It is for this reason that attention should be paid to education, because of its consequences for poverty, unemployment and other problems with which the world we live in today.
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Finally, I would just like to add that it is not possible to implement the creation of a new model of education that meets the criteria for encouraging individuality and creativity and focus on the interests of students, rather than those of faculties and other educational institutions, without addressing the problem of corruption in education in the gait. The diploma has in mind the status, knowledge and quality, rather than being in «unsecured papers» and the path to peace, the unemployed and the poor.
I would like to finish this work with a medical phrase and describe the situation for today: «The patient is more alive than dead».
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