2003 Лекции по философии (1184469), страница 29
Текст из файла (страница 29)
>`hg>vxb±\fheh^hklbaZgbfZekyikboheh]b_ch[jZah\Zgby kqblZy qlh rdheZ ^he`gZ jZa\b\Zlv _kl_kl\_ggu_ kihkh[ghklb Z g_ \deZ^u137\Zlv\g_rgb_[_aebdb_agZgbyIjbwlhf>vxb[uei_j\ufdlhj_Zebah\Ze^Zggmxb^_xgZijZdlbd_ Bf_ggh \hijhkZf i_^Z]h]bdb ihk\ys_gh khqbg_gb_ ©Ikboheh]by b i_^Z]h]bdZfure_gbyª iha^g__ fukebl_ev aZgyeky [he__ h[sbfb \hijhkZfb kha^Z\ kh[kl\_ggmx nbehkhnkdmx dhgp_ipbx dhlhjZy ihemqbeZ gZa\Zgb_ bgkljmf_glZebafZ GZb[he__iheghb^_bwlh]hl_q_gbyhljZ`_gu\jZ[hl_ ©Eh]bdZl_hjbybkke_^h\ZgbyªDjhf_wlh]h>vxbZdlb\ghmqZkl\h\Ze\h[s_kl\_gghc`bagb:f_jbdb\qZklghklbhg[ue]eZ\hcdhfbkkbbihjZkke_^h\ZgbxZglbkh\_lkdhc^_yl_evghklbLjhpdh]hwlhjZkke_^h\Zgb_gZqZehkvihke_aZijhkZKKKJh\u^Zq_Ljhpdh]hdZd]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hij_klmigbdZDhfbkkbyLjhpdh]hhijZ\^ZeZihwlhcijbqbg_hlghr_gb_d>vxb\KKKJj_adhkf_gbehkvgZdjZcg_g_]Zlb\gh_Mq_gb_h[hiul_.
>vxb\hlebqb_hl>`_fkZhlghkbldhiulmg_lhevdhihlhdy\e_gbcgh b \kx ^_yl_evghklv q_eh\_dZ \dexqZy fukebl_evgmx b [_kkhagZl_evgmx d wlhfm^h[Z\ey_lkyl_abkh[_amkeh\ghf _^bgkl\_ hiulZ dZd _^bgkl\_ ^_yl_evghklb ± g_evay jZaju\Zlv qm\kl\_gguc b fukebl_evguc hiul q_eh\_dZ hgb gZoh^ylky \ l_kghc g_jZaju\ghck\yab Gh lh]^Z ijhlb\hklhygb_ f_`^m fZl_jbZebafhf b b^_Zebafhf ^he`gh [ulv mgbqlh`_gh±\_^vb^_ZebafjZa^_ey_lqm\kl\_ggucbfukebl_evgufhiulml\_j`^Zyqlhkms_kl\mxlh[t_dlug_^hklmigu_gZrbfqm\kl\Zfb[he__lh]hbf_gghwlbh[t_dluhij_^_eyxl\kz qm\kl\_ggh_ b fZl_jbZevgh_ H^gZdh kqblZlv \kz \ fbj_ fZl_jbZevguf g_ ke_^m_l ±kmsghklv \_s_c ^_ckl\bl_evgh gZoh^blky \ q_eh\_d_ b g_fZl_jbZevgZ Gh kZfZ kmsghklvq_eh\_dZ g_ihklhyggZ \_^v bgZq_ \kydb_ ihiuldb memqr_gby h[s_kl\Z [ueb [u [_kkfuke_ggu Z ^Z`_ ih kjZ\g_gbx kh Kj_^gbfb \_dZfb gZ[ex^Z_lky agZqbl_evguc ijh]j_kkIjbqbghcbaf_g_gbcq_eh\_dZy\eyxlkybaf_g_gby\hdjm`Zxs_f fbj_kj_^_agZqblhkgh\gZy aZ^ZqZ ihagZgby ± ijbkihkh[e_gb_ d baf_gyxs_cky kj_^_ Z gZrb agZgby ± bgkljmf_glu lZdh]h ijbkihkh[e_gby Bf_ggh ihwlhfm \ky dhgp_ipby >vxb ghkbl gZa\Zgb_ bgkljmf_glZebafZ.Ih^h[gh_ ihkljh_gb_ [_amkeh\gh y\ey_lky h^gbf ba gZb[he__ qzldbo h[hkgh\Zgbcf_lh^Z\ijZ]fZlbaf_Ghba^_kviheghkeZ[uof_kl±gbdZdh_ijhlb\hj_qb_gZkZfhf^_e_g_jZaj_rZ_lkyijbagZ\Zylhqlhkmsghklv\k_o\_s_cgZoh^blky\q_eh\_d_>vxbl\zj^h\klZzlgZihq\mb^_ZebafZhldZau\Zykvijbwlhfebrvhl^h]fZlbafZk\hckl\_ggh]hihqlb\k_cij_^r_kl\mxs_cf_lZnbabd_HldZahl^h]fZlbafZwlhdhg_qghg_iehoh±ijh[e_fZ\lhf qlh fukebl_ev hlh`^_kl\ey_l jZagu_ \_sb <jy^ eb fh`gh klZ\blv ih^ khfg_gb_ lhlnZdlqlhkhagZgb_q_eh\_dZg_y\ey_lky_^bguf_klv\jh`^zggZyqZklvk\yaZggZyk[bheh]bq_kdbfbbgklbgdlZfbbhklZ\Z\rZykyg_baf_gghc\oh^_\k_cbklhjbbq_eh\_q_kdh]hihagZgbyb_klvijbh[j_lzggZyqZklvdhlhjZykm]m[hbg^b\b^mZevgZ^eydZ`^h]hbaZ\bkblhl\hkiblZgbybkj_^uH[t_dlb\gZykmsghklv\_s_caZeh`_gZbf_ggh\h\jh`^zgghcqZklb±aZ^Zq_c b gZmdb b nbehkhnbb \k_]^Z [ueh ^hklb`_gb_ wlh]h h[t_dlb\gh]h agZgby ijhklhhgbrebdg_fmkjZaguoklhjhg<hafh`ghebihegh_j_r_gb_^Zggh]h\hijhkZ±g_ba\_klghghimlZlvw\hexpbhggh_[bheh]bq_kdh_bdhgdj_lgh_[ulh\h_ijbkihkh[e_gb_dkj_^_lhqghg_ke_^m_l>vxb`_ohq_lh[tykgblvihq_fm\kydh_agZgb_g_y\ey_lkyhdhgqZl_evgufghijbqbgZwlh]hebrv\h[s_cg_gZ^z`ghklbf_lh^h\bg^mdpbbbebZ[^mdpbboZjZdl_jguo^eygZmqgh]hihagZgbyIjbgpbiuf_lh^ZQZklvwlboijbgpbih\ijhklhaZbfkl\m_lky mij_^u^msboijZ]fZlbdh\±wlhiheh`_gb_hlhfqlh\kydh_agZgb__klvg_[he__q_f]bihl_aZlj_[mxsZyihklhygghcijh\_jdbnZdlZfbLZd\\h^blky\kzlhl`_ijbgpbi\_jbnbdZpbbdhlhjuf\ijhq_fbgkljmf_glZevgucf_lh^g_h]jZgbqb\Z_lkyAgZgb_ – kj_^kl\hijbkihkh[e_gbydkj_^_ihwlhfmjZamfghkblkm]m[hhi_jZlb\gucZg_kha_jpZl_evgucoZjZdl_jFbjihehgij_\jZlghkl_cbg_h`b^Zgghkl_c_^bgkl\_ggZy\hafh`ghklvh[_ahiZkblvky±k^_eZlvk\hxZdlb\ghklvZ^_d\Zlghcijhbkoh^ysbfbaf_g_gbyfAgZqblbklbggh_agZgb_±lhdhlhjh_gZ^Zgguc fhf_gl gZbemqrbf h[jZahf khhl\_lkl\m_l \g_rgbf baf_g_gbyf ihfh]Zy ijbkihkh[blvky d kj_^_ BlZd fure_gb_ lh`^_kl\_ggh [ulbx m`_ ihlhfm qlh hgh ^he`gh [ulv_fmZ^_d\Zlgh<kydh_^jm]h_fure_gb_[_kkfuke_gghbihlhfmeh`gh138Mq_gb_hfhjZeb>Ze__bgkljmf_glZevgucf_lh^jZkijhkljZgy_lkygZ\hijhkufhjZebbgjZ\kl\_gghklbZ[khexlguop_gghkl_cg_lkmsghklvq_eh\_dZihklhygghbaf_gy_lky±agZqbl\kz^he`ghijh\_jylvkyijZdlbdhcIh\_^_gb_^he`gh[ulvZ^_d\Zlghkj_^_Hkgh\gZy aZ^ZqZ nbehkhnZ ± ZgZebabjh\Zlv \g_rgb_ mkeh\by ihjh`^Zxsb_ l_ beb bgu_ p_gghklbbgZwlhchkgh\_bamqZlvbklhjbxq_eh\_q_kdh]hh[s_kl\Z>eywlh]hp_gghklbm^h[ghjZa^_eblvgZnZdlbq_kdb_`_eZ_fu_g_aZf_^ebl_evghbijZ\h\u_jZkkm^hqgu_±l_d^hklb`_gbxdhlhjuoq_eh\_dkihkh[_gklj_fblvky^Z`_agZyhg_\hafh`ghklbbohdhgqZl_evgh]h ^hklb`_gby ihke_^gb_ hq_\b^gh [he__ mklhcqb\u d baf_g_gbx \g_rgbo mkeh\bcWlh\qZklghklba^hjh\v_[h]Zlkl\hq_klvb^jm`[Z H[s__ klj_fe_gb_ d ih^h[guf p_gghklyfkms_kl\h\Zeh \k_]^Z h^gZdh kh^_j`Zgb_ ^Zgguo ihgylbc baf_gyehkv \oh^_ jZa\blbyq_eh\_q_kl\ZFhjZevghklv lh]h beb bgh]h ihklmidZ hij_^_ey_lky p_eyfb b kj_^kl\Zfb; kj_^kl\Z^he`gu[ulvZ^_d\Zlgukj_^_ghbp_ebb]jZxlk\hxjhev±\_^vp_evh^gh]hihklmidZfh`_lklZlvkj_^kl\hf^jm]h]hDhjhq_]h\hjyke_^m_l\k_]^Zke_^blvaZihke_^kl\byfbk\hbo^_ckl\bcijh\_jyyboZ^_d\Zlghklvxkj_^_KmlvihagZgby±m\_ebq_gb_agZgbcbihlj_[ghkl_cq_eh\_dZihwlhcijbqbg_\k_^he`gubf_lvjZ\gu_\hafh`ghklbdihagZgbxlh_klvhkgh\ghc p_gghklvx kh\j_f_ggh]h h[s_kl\Z y\ey_lky k\h[h^Z HdhgqZl_evguc fhjZevguc©^_\baªnhjfmebjm_lkydZd©Fhyk\h[h^Z\lhfqlh[umfgh`Zlv_z^ey^jm]boªKhhl\_lkl\_ggh _^bgkl\_ggh ijb_fe_fZy nhjfZ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h mkljhckl\Z ± ^_fhdjZlby lZd>vxbihemqZ_lh[hkgh\Zgb_kms_kl\h\ZgbyZf_jbdZgkdhc^_fhdjZlbq_kdhckbkl_fuBlh]b G_^hklZldb hglheh]bq_kdh]h h[hkgh\Zgby >vxb ^_eZxl _]h ijZ]fZlbq_kdbcf_lh^ ^hklZlhqgh g_gZ^z`guf qlh kjZam `_ kdZau\Z_lky b gZ ^_ckl\_gghklb wlh]h f_lh^ZIjbkihkh[e_gb_dkj_^_wlh^eygZmdbmadZyhjb_glZpbygZijbdeZ^gu_aZ^Zqbqlh_kl_kl\_gghg_kebrdhfohjhrh±lhjfhablkyh[s__jZa\blb_Ijhlb\hj_qbyijb\h^ysb_d\hagbdgh\_gbxijbgpbibZevghgh\uodhgp_ipbck\yaZguh[uqghkkm]m[hZ[kljZdlgufbihkljh_gbyfb\jh^_l_ieh\hckf_jlb<k_e_gghcZg_j_r_gbyfbijZdlbq_kdboaZ^ZqDhg_qgh^Z`_ijbqzldhchjb_glZpbbgZijbeh`_gbyijhlb\hj_qby[m^mljZghbebiha^ghh[gZjm`_gugh\j_f_gbgZwlhgm`ghagZqbl_evgh[hevr_AZlh\kn_j_fhjZebf_lh^jZ[hlZ_l^h\hevgh m^Zqgh klZgh\ykv h[hkgh\Zgb_f Zf_jbdZgkdh]h ^_fhdjZlbq_kdh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hmkljhckl\Z<hh[s_ ]h\hjy koh`Zy kblmZpby k\hckl\_ggh ijZ]fZlbafm \ p_ehf >h\hevgh m[h]b_hglheh]bq_kdb_h[hkgh\Zgbyf_lh^h\Z\lhfZlbq_kdbijb\h^yldg_iheghl_±gbh^bgbagbog_ y\ey_lky mgb\_jkZevguf >`_fk kha^Ze m^Zqgmx dhgp_ipbx gZmqgh]h ihagZgby gh fhjZevgh_ ijZ\beh ihemqbehkv \_kvfZ ^\mkfuke_gguf kf Blh]b < kemqZ_ >vxb \kzgZh[hjhlGhdZdm`_hlf_qZehkvkfBlh]bhlkmlkl\b_mgb\_jkZevgh]hf_lh^Z^hdZaZgh ihwlhfm ijZ]fZlbq_kdb_ ijZ\beZ khojZgyxl k\hx ZdlmZevghklv >Z hgb Z[khexlghwfibjbqgubihemq_guebrvgZhkgh\_ZgZebaZhiulZihagZgbyh^gZdh\k_ijZ]fZlbdbmqblu\Zxlg_iheghlmgZmqgh]hagZgbyb[he__lh]h\hafh`ghklvhldZaZhl\kydh]hagZgbyijbihy\e_gbbgh\uonZdlh\ Ihablb\baf ijbrze d wlhfm ebrv i_j_c^y \ nhjfm ihklihablb\bafZ\k_j_^bg_XX \_dZijZ]fZlbdbk^_eZeb\kzlh`_kZfh_gZihe\_dZjZgvr_bdjhf_wlh]hba[_`Zebg_kludh\hdIhii_jZkf±agZgb_dZdb\g_hihablb\baf_\_jbnbpbjm_lky nZdlZfb gh g_ iheZ]Z_lky ijb wlhf g_ij_eh`ghc bklbghc ©RZldZyª \hafh`ghklvnZevkbnbdZpbb \hh[s_ g_ b]jZ_l [hevrhc jheb Z [ebahklv agZgby d bklbg_ hij_^_ey_lkykh\k_fbgufb±km]m[hijZdlbq_kdbfb±djbl_jbyfbH[hkgh\ZgbyijbwlhfgbdZdh]haZlh\kz\iheg_eh]bqghbjZamfghBqlhg_fZeh\Z`ghjZ[hlZ_l-139IkbohZgZebaH[sZyoZjZdl_jbklbdZ<gZb[he__rbjhdhfkfuke_ikbohZgZeba±f_lh^bamq_gbyikbobdbq_j_a_z\g_rgb_bjjZpbhgZevgu_ ijhy\e_gby LZdbfb ijhy\e_gbyfb fh]ml [ulv h]h\hjdb aZ[u\qb\hklvkgukemqZcgu_ZkkhpbZpbb<iehlv^hdhgpZXIX \_dZih^h[gu_\_sbkqblZebkvkemqZcghklyfb k\hckl\_ggufb q_eh\_q_kdhfm jZamfm h^gZdh Nj_c^ \i_j\u_ j_rbe h[jZlblv ijbklZevgh_\gbfZgb_gZg_h[uqgu_kemqZcghklbijbagZ\bo\iheg_aZdhghf_jgufbBf_gghwlhl fhf_gl y\ey_lky dexq_\uf ^ey ikbohZgZebaZ \k_ ^jm]b_ klhjhgu mq_gbc ± ijbqbguihy\e_gby [_kkhagZl_evgh]h b f_lh^u _]h hibkZgby ± kms_kl\_ggh jZaebqZebkv m jZaguoikbohZgZeblbdh\ Djhf_ wlh]h [hevrmx jhev ^ey gbo b]jZeZ ijZdlbdZ hij_^_eb\rZy mki_rghklv jZ^bdZevgh]h b gZ i_j\uc \a]ey^ ^hklZlhqgh iZjZ^hdkZevgh]h mq_gby Nj_c^ZA^_kv[m^mljZkkfhlj_guebrvg_kdhevdh\b^guoij_^klZ\bl_e_cikbohZgZebaZ±bogZkZfhf^_e_agZqbl_evgh[hevr_Ab]fmg^Nj_c^;bh]jZnby b khqbg_gby.
Ab]fmg^ Nj_c^ ± jh^beky \ FhjZ\bb gh _sz \^_lkl\_ i_j__oZe \f_kl_ k k_fvzc \ <_gm Bf_ggh a^_kv hg ihemqbe ^biehf f_^bdZ ihke_ q_]h gZqZe bamqZlv ZgZlhfbx fha]Z b g_j\gu_ aZ[he_\Zgby H^gZdh jmlbggZy f_^bpbgkdZyjZ[hlZNj_c^Zg_mkljZb\ZeZ±hgkdhgp_gljbjh\Zek\hz\gbfZgb_gZg_j\guoaZ[he_\Zgbyom[_^b\rbkvgZhkgh\_debgbq_kdbowdki_jbf_glh\qlhih^]bighahf[hevghcbkl_jb_c fh`_l [ulv mki_rgh \ha\jZszg d ^_ckl\bl_evghklb Wlhc l_f_ ihk\ys_gZ i_j\ZyagZqbl_evgZy jZ[hlZ Nj_c^Z ± ©Bkke_^h\Zgby h[ bkl_jbbª JZa\blb_ ^Zgghc jZ[hluijb\_ehfukebl_eyddhj_gghfmi_j_kfhljm\a]ey^h\bkha^Zgbxikboheh]bq_kdhcdhgp_ipbb dhlhjZy \iheg_ fh`_l kqblZlvky nbehkhnkdhc Wlh lZd gZau\Z_fuc jZggbc i_jbh^nj_c^bafZIha^g__ihy\bebkvi_j\Zyb\lhjZy (1920) ikbohZgZeblbq_kdb_kbkl_fu,hljZ`zggu_\jZ[hlZo©Lhl_fblZ[m» (1913), «Ikboheh]byfZkkbZgZebaq_eh\_q_kdh]hY»(1923), «YbHghª<dhgp_`bagb_\j_xNj_c^mijbrehkv[_`Zlvba:\kljbb\:g]ebx^Z[ukiZklbkvhlgZpbklkdboj_ij_kkbcJZggbci_jbh^nj_c^bafZIkboheh]bq_kdb_bkke_^h\ZgbyNj_c^ZgZqZebkvkh\iheg_aZdhghf_jgh]h\hijhkZihq_fmih^]bighahfex^bkihkh[gu\kihfgblvlhhqzfg_ihfgyl\h[uqghc`bagbbihq_fmlZdh_\hkihfbgZgb_ kihkh[ghbae_qb\Zlvikbobq_kdb_ g_^m]b"Nj_c^ \u^\b]Z_l ke_^mxsmx ijhklmx dhgp_ipbx gZrZ ikbobdZ khklhbl ba ljzo qZkl_c –[_kkhagZl_evgh]h, ij_^khagZl_evgh]h b khagZl_evgh]h.
Ij_^khagZl_evgh_ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hciZfylvbfure_gb_lh_klvlhqlhgZi_j\uc\a]ey^bdZ`_lkyikbobdhcq_eh\_dZKhagZl_evgh_\uihegy_lj_]meylb\gmxnmgdpbx[ehdbjmygZb[he__g_]Zlb\gu_fmqbl_evgu_^eyikbobdbbfimevku b hlijZ\eyy bo \ [_kkhagZl_evgh_ BlZd khagZl_evgh_ h]jZgbqb\Z_l[_kkhagZl_evgh_ghbgh]^Zdhgljhev\kz`_hkeZ[ey_lky±bf_ggh\wlbokemqZyo\hagbdZxlbjjZpbhgZevgu_ijhy\e_gbyikbobdbkgubh]h\hjdbL_fg_f_g__lhevdhkZfkhgy\ey_lkyih^ebggufijhy\e_gb_f[_kkhagZl_evgh]h±\fhf_glhdhgqZgbykgZkhagZl_evgh_\gh\v[_jzl\\_jo©\uqbsZyªkh^_j`Zgb_kgZhlgZb[he__jZ^bdZevgh]h\lZdhcnhjf_fukhgbaZihfbgZ_fIhwlhcijbqbg_h]h\hjdbhdZau\Zxlkyp_gg__^eybkke_^h\Zgby[_kkhagZl_evgh]hghbkgufh]mlhdZaZlvky\_kvfZihe_agu]eZ\gh_±ijZ\bevghbobgl_jij_lbjh\ZlvLZdh\lhih]jZnbq_kdbcih^oh^dhibkZgbxikbobdbNj_c^\\h^blb^jm]hcih^oh^±^bgZfbq_kdbc_]hkmlvaZdexqZ_lky\bkke_^h\ZgbbijbqbgaZklZ\eyxsboh^gbbfimevkuhimkdZlvky gZ ^gh ikbobdb \ [_kkhagZl_evgh_ Z ^jm]b_ ± j_Zebah\u\Zlvky \ `bagv LZdb_ijbqbguhq_\b^ghk\yaZgukg_dhlhjufbwlbq_kdbfbmklZgh\dZfb±bfimevkukhhl\_lkl\mxsb_ p_gghklyf bg^b\b^Z j_Zebamxlky g_ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ ± hlijZ\eyxlky ih]em[`_©gZ kdeZ^ª [_kkhagZl_evgh]h L_i_jv gm`gh ihgylv dZdb_ `_ bfimevku g_ khhl\_lkl\mxlwlbfp_gghklyfba^_kv\h\iheg_kljhcghckbkl_f_\hagbdZ_li_j\Zylj_sbgZ±iheh`_gb_qZs_ \k_]h hijh\_j]Z_fh_ [he__ iha^gbfb ikbohZgZeblbdZfb G_]Zlb\gufb bfimevkZfb140h[ty\eyxlky bkdexqbl_evgh k_dkmZevgu_ bgklbgdlu q_eh\_dZ h[h[sZ_fu_ Nj_c^hf \ ihgylbb eb[b^h ± k_dkmZevgh]h bgklbgdlZ lj_[mxs_]h gZkus_gby gh hlf_q_ggh]h i_qZlvx]j_oZI_j\ZyikbohZgZeblbq_kdZykbkl_fZJZa\blb_kbkl_fu knhjfbjh\Z\r_cky \ jZggbci_jbh^ijb\_ehNj_c^Zdi_j_hkfuke_gbxihgylbyeb[b^hL_i_jvhgh\hkijbgbfZ_lkydZdwg_j]by k_dkmZevgh]h \e_q_gby q_eh\_dZ khhl\_lkl\_ggh klZgh\blky \hafh`guf dhebq_kl\_ggZyoZjZdl_jbklbdZeb[b^h:ihlhfmdeb[b^h\iheg_ijbf_gbfaZdhgkhojZg_gbywg_j]bb ± g_]Zlb\gu_ bfimevku eb[h kdZieb\Zxlky \ [_kkhagZl_evghf g_fbgm_fh ijb\h^y kg_\jhameb[h\uk\h[h`^Zxlkyi_j_oh^y\^jm]mxnhjfm\ijhp_kk_km[ebfZpbb.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
