[учебник] English Grammar Reference and Practice. Drozdova (1175660), страница 103
Текст из файла (страница 103)
The information it gives is essential tothe meaning of the main clause.No commas used.□ “I saw that man again.”“Which man?”“The man who wants to buy my house.”□ The letter that arrived this morning waswrongly addressed.It gives extra information about the subject beingdiscussed, which is not essential to the meaning ofthe main clause.Commas used.□ A man, who said he knew myfather, came to see me yesterday.(It is an interesting fact but it is extra ratherthan essential information.)Non-defining clauses are used mostly in w riting.
Inconversation two short sentences can be enough:□ I’m going to Sheila. I told you about heryesterday.2.4.2 Subject and O bject Relative Clauses□□The man who normally works here is ill.The man you saw yesterday is ill.Main clause:The man is ill.Main clause:The man is ill.Clause:who normally works here.Clause:who you saw yesterday.=he normally works here.“he” is the subject so this is a subject relative clause,r“him” is the object so this is an object relative clause.Object Relative ClausesSubject Relative Clauses□□you saw him yesterday.□The thing [that really surprised me] washis attitude.The woman [who lives next door] is veryfriendly.□^The thing [that 1 really liked about her]was her kindness.The woman [who you met yesterday]lives next door.JV ____You can omit (пропустить) that, who or which when they are the object of the verb in the relative clause:□ The woman you met yesterday lives next door.□ The thing I really liked about her was her kindness.Prepositions are usually not used before relative pronouns.
They come after the verb + object:□It’s the book (that/which) I told you about.Prepositions are put before relative pronouns in formal style. In this case that cannot be used:□ It’s the book about which I told you.382THECOMPLEXSENTENCERelative Pronouns in Defining and Non-Defining ClausesrCLAUSEPERSONTHING/ANIMALDefiningSubjectObjectwho (or that)(or who(m)/that)that (or which)(or that/which)Non-definingSubjectObject, who ...
,, w h o (m )...,, which ...,, which ... ,L\- JNOTES:■In the table the words in brackets are possiblealternatives to the relative pronouns or to omittedpronouns but they are less common.■■That is used with words such as all, every(thing),some(thing), any(thing), no(thing), none, few, little,much, only and with the superlative form:□ This is all (that) we can do for you.□ The only thing that was important for himwas his work.□ It’s the best performance (that) I’ve everseen.Whom is used only in formal English.■Objects defining relative clauses do not normallyneed who or that.•Where, when, why can also be used to introducedefining and non-defining relative clauses:□ We visited the town where I was born,(defining)□ I bought them at the supermarket where Imet Mrs.
Butler, (non-defining)□ There must be a reason why you said that.Manchester is a big city. It’s one of England’sfastest growing towns.EXERCIThis is Dora. We stayed at her house for ourholiday./(B) Join the sentences below, using who,whom, whose, which.5You’ll meet Andrew. His brother is one of myclosest friends.(JModelT) I met Jane’s father. He works at OxfordUniversity.I met Jane’s father, who works at OxfordUniversity.6.She is the girl. I bought a box of sweets for her.7.He is the man.
I sent a letter to him.1.8.That’s the boy. He’s just got a place at university.9.The bus didn’t have enough seats. They sent it.2.Ursula is studying Russian. She has never beento Russia................................................................................Manchester is in the North-West. We are movingto Manchester.10 I didn’t receive the letters.
She sent me theletters.383THECOMPOUNDSENTENCEAND8THECOMPLEXSENTENCE10(B) Join each pair in two different ways:informal and formal.(B) Construct relative clauses with apreposition.(Model?) That’s the chair. I sat on it.a) That’s the chair / sat on.b) That’s the chair on which I sat.(^ModeT) I didn’t get the job (apply for it).I didn’t get the job / applied for.1.She is the girl. I gave flowers to her.2.That’s the park. I passed by it.3.That’s the dress.
I’ve paid for it.4.This is the music. We listened to it yesterday.5.That’s the man. I spoke to him the other day.6.I’m looking for a man. One can rely on him.7.I sacked (уволить) the sales assistant. I had aterrible argument with him.8.9.1. The house (live in i t ) .............................. was builtin the 19th century. 2 . 1enjoy my classes because Ilike the people (study with th e m )...............................3 . 1 like the girl (dance with h e r).............................4. The game (join in i t ) ..............................
was veryheated (азартная). 5. The tragedy (just learn abouti t ) .............................. is in the news report. 6. Thes u b s ta n c e s (th e m a tte r c o n s is ts o f th e m ).............................. are rather dangerous. 7 . 1threwaw ay th e p a p e r (th e p re s e n t/w ra p in it)................................ 8. The article (the author/referto i t ) ..............................was written by an Americanscientist.11(В, C) Translate the sentences from Russianinto English.That’s my house. The burglars broke into it theother day.1.She is the girl.
I told you about her.(В, C) Fill in the right connectives wherenecessary.1. Gerry works for a com pany.............. makes carsand buses. 2. The book is about the m a n .................made this wonderful discovery. 3. It seem s................the Earth is the only p la n e t.................. life exists.4.
The a c c id e n t................had happened the daybefore was my fault. 5. She gave me the address,.................. I wrote down on a piece of paper.6. Have you found the n o te -b o o k ................ youlost? 7. What was the name of the m a n ..................wife was taken to hospital? 8. A new cinema,..................holds 2000 people, has been opened inNew York. 9. That man.....................
name I don’tremember, worked for our company some years ago.10. Is there a shop near h e re ................I can buysome bread? 11. The reason.................I’m phoningyou is to invite you to a party.Человек, который звонил вам, не назвалсвоего имени.2.
Как называется река, которая протекаетв городе?3. Вы видели фотографии, которые сделалаАнна?4. Вы всегда задаёте вопросы, на которыетрудно ответить.5. Вы знаете кого-нибудь, кто хочет купитьмашину?6. У меня есть друг, который очень хорошоремонтирует машины.7. Обед, которы й ты пр иго товил а , оченьвкусный.8. Где цветы, которые я тебе подарил?9. Тебе понравился отель, где вы остановились?10. Это книги, о которых я тебе говорил.11.
Ты знаешь человека, с которым разговариваетДжилл?12. Ты нашёл карту, которую искал?384THECOMPLEXSENTENCE12(В, C) Fill in who, which or whose. Say where that can be used instead and where the relativepronoun can be left out.WHEN THE RAILWAYARRIVEDIt was a village(1)..................... population had little sense of time until the railway arrived.
After that, it wasnot the sun but the trains 1(2)......................villagers noted to keep time. Most p e o p le (3)4....................... livedalong the line knew the timetables approximately: the train(4)......................arrived at 8.19 was called the Eight, theone (5)......................left at 11.37 was the Twelve, and soon. Anyone(6)......................wanted to catch the train gotto the station at least half an hour before the train.Most of the trains were “ mixed” tra in s,(7).....................carried both passengers and goods. On the evening train,a d riv e r(8).....................
name was Bill Maindy often gavewhistling performances from the locomotive. If the owlsanswered back, Bill stayed even after it was time for thetrain to leave.The locom otives(9)......................the railway companyused were quite unequal to the w o rk ,(10).......................required trains (11)......................had good brakes. Coming down the hill from Bovey, trains often passedthe station; and passengers (12)...................... wanted to get off had to walk back.Apart from stopping at the stations, drivers stopped at places (13)......................were famous for theirheather honey,(14)..................... is still a great favourite round here.
Most villagers,(15)...................... worriedlittle about time anyway, merely shouted loud comments while the guard got out and fixed the hives.(B) Complete the sentences with where, when, why.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.We visited the s c h o o l......................my fathertaught.I met her last m o n th ,.....................she came toour house.We all worked at the p la ce .....................the firehad started.I met him in the cafe......................... he wasworking as a waiter.Do you remember the tim e ....................we livedin Africa?Did he tell the reason.................. they were late?The cat sat on the wall........................ it had agood view of the birds.8.I’m talking about the time ......................theydidn’t have cars.9.
Last year I s p e n t my h o lid a y in Spain,I met Andy.10. I couldn’t understand the re a so n .....................they were so rude.11. We went away in August......................... thechildren were on holiday from school.12. They a rrive d in th e e ve n in g , at a tim e..................... we were all out.2.4.3 Which Referring to the Whole SentenceWhich in relative clauses generally refers to nouns:□He turned on the television, which looked new and expensive.□He turned on the television, which I thought was rather surprising.Which in the second sentence refers to the action of turning on the TV set, no just to the word “television” .Which can be used like this only in non-defining relative clauses.385THECOMPOUNDSENTENCEANDTHECOMPLEXSENTENCE3.They forgot about my birthday.
This was a bitdisappointing.4.The pilot showed us how to fly. It was extremelyinteresting.5.("Model:") I love the countryside. That’s why I wantto go and live there.I love the countryside, which is why I wantto go and live there.I couldn’t get a flight to Paris. This upset thechildren.6.The store wouldn’t accept bank cards. I foundthis rather surprising.1.7.He was rude. His behavior made me very angry.8.The man asked for directions. This made me abit suspicious.(В, C) Join the sentences below, using which.2.They stayed for hours. I was very annoyed aboutthis.He passed all the exams.
This surprised us.2.4.4 Clauses Introduced by What, That, WhichrEnglishRussianNotesExamples^whatто, что;что именно□ I told you what I know.-what is alwavs stressed:cannot be omittedthatчто□ I told you (that) I know aboutthe plan.-that is alwavs unstressed:can be omitted-which here refers to thewhole main clause:cannot be omitted- used with such words as all,everything), some(thing),any(thing), no(thing):□ This is all (that) I can do for you.чтоwhichчто;чего;и этого□ I told you about the plan, whichis enough for the present.Я рассказал вам о плане, чегона настоящий моментдостаточно / и этогов настоящий момент достаточно.-.........................____■EXERCISES(B) Fill in that or what.1. The thing is ...............I can’t do without a dictionary today.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
