01-04-2020-Oxford_English_for_Infomation_Technology (1171844), страница 32
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1 (on) indicates a file has not beenbacked up since it was last worked on. Thus, if you do aseries of differentials, each backs up all the files created ormodified since the last full backup, not just those that havechanged. Normally, you keep only the most recentdifferential backup on hand. This minimises the size of yourbackup set, since it will never contain more than two copiesof any file — one in the full set and one in the differential.This method is mostly used when you're backing up todisks. The downside is that it won't back up files that werecreated and deleted before the differential backup.UNIT 21XML Stands for extensible Markup Language; XML is ametalanguage for creating webpages with meaningful datathat can be used by a variety of programs.C++ C++ is an object-oriented superset of C which combines thebest features of a structured high-level language and anassembly language - that is, it's relatively easy to code anduses computer resources efficiently.
C was originally designedto write systems software but is now considered a generalpurpose language.Visual Basic BASIC stands for Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic InstructionCode; Visual Basic is a simple-to-use language that has agraphical interface. It makes it particularly easy for aninexperienced programmer to create database programs.Pascal Pascal, named after the mathematician Blaise Pascal, wascreated primarily to fill the need for a teaching vehicle thatwould encourage structured programming.
It is often used incollege computing courses.COBOL Stands for COmmon Business-Oriented Language; it has beenaround for a long number of years but is still an importanttransaction-processing language used to process the records oflarge organisations on mainframe computers.PAIRWORK Student BU N I T 221951 Computer SalespersonAdvises potential customers about available hardware and sellsequipment to suit individual requirements. Discusses computing needswith the client to ensure that a suitable system can be supplied.Organises the sale and delivery and, if necessary, installation andtesting.
May arrange support or training, maintenance and consultation.Must have sufficient technical knowledge.2 Applications ProgrammerWrites the programs which enable a computer to carry out particulartasks. May write new programs or adapt existing programs, perhapsaltering computer packages to meet the needs of an individual company.When writing a new program, follows a specification provided by asystems analyst. Devises a series of logical steps and converts these tothe appropriate computer language.
Checks programs for faults anddoes extensive testing.3 Systems Support PersonSystems support people are analyst programmers who are responsiblefor maintaining, updating and modifying the software used by acompany. Some specialise in software which handles the basic operationof the computers. This involves use of machine codes and specialisedlow-level computer languages. Most handle applications software. Maysort out problems encountered by users. Solving problems may involveamending an area of code in the software, retrieving files and data lostwhen a system crashes and a basic knowledge of hardware.4 Hardware EngineerResearches, designs and develops computers, or parts of computers andthe computerised element of appliances, machines and vehicles. Alsoinvolved in their manufacture, installation and testing.
May specialise indifferent areas: research and development, design, manufacturing. Hasto be aware of cost, efficiency, safety and environmental factors as wellas engineering aspects.Listening ScriptUNIT 1Computer Usersprimary school teacher We've got a newprogram with 3D graphics toencourage young children to tellstories. We tried it out last term andnow we use it regularly. There's a matin front of the monitor, like a carpet.There are pressure pads under themat. When the children stand on them,they can move about inside thepictures on the screen. If they stand onthe right, they, er, can move to theright, and so on.
The good thing is thatit works better if there are morechildren on the mat. This encouragesthem to work together.What I like about this program isthat if you ask the children whatthey've been doing, they don't say,'We've been working with thecomputer', they say 'We've been tellingstories'. The computer doesn't get inthe way of learning, it's just a tool. Wedon't get that reaction when we sitthem down at a keyboard.Open University student I've had acomputer for about, oh, three yearsnow.
I'm an OU student doing a degreein mathematics. I work full time so Istudy at home in the evenings and atweekends. Some Saturdays there aretutorials I can attend in town butmostly I work alone. I use thecomputer to write my assignments. Ialso use the Internet to email my tutorif I have any problems with the coursework. There's a help group too on theWeb made up of other students doingmy course ... not just here in the UKbut around the world. We can chatabout assignments and help eachother out if we're in difficulty.Louise, aged 6 Well, I make cards for myfriends.
I made one for Mary's birthdaylast week. I use Word and you go intoclipart. Then these things come up onthe screen. And you can click on anyone like animals and two people with aheart, and a star and a hat. I've got CDROMS. I like Splat the Cat and Pets 3.You click on Go to the Adoption Centre,then you go to Pick a Pet and you canchoose what you want, a cat or a dog.And you can give it a name and feed it.The one I'm going to adopt is a cat. ...And you've got to give your cat a name.But first I'll take its picture, then I'llsave it.artist I paint mainly figures in imaginaryinteriors. Erm, they represent myths.
Iwork in acrylics although I also makewoodcuts. Erm, I keep photographs ofmost of what I've done apart from thework I've destroyed ... the ones I didn'tlike. I've scanned in about a third ofthese photographs, around 100paintings, to make a CD. I've organisedthe paintings into themes and added asound track so that each group ofpaintings is accompanied by music.Erm, I'll send the CD to dealers. In thepast it would have been slides. I'm alsogoing to start my own website to try tosell directly. The difficult thing is tryingto get people to visit your site.PeripheralsPART 1A What's the difference between anordinary camera ...
a conventionalcamera, and a digital camera?B At the most basic level, a digitalcamera isn't much different from aconventional camera. There's a lens, aviewfinder and it takes pictures. Theonly fundamental change is that acharge coupled device - a CCD - isused in place of the film.A What's a CCD?B It's an assembly... a set of thousandsof photo-transistors - one for eachpixel in the image. You know what apixel is?A Yes, it's a kind of dot... it makes up apicture, an image on a screen.B It's short for picture element.
Well,each pixel in the CCD consists of threephoto-transistors, one covered by a redfilter, one by a blue one and one by agreen. Three images - one for each ofthese colours - are built up. Whenthey're combined, you get a full-colourphotograph.A What are the advantages, the pluspoints, of a digital camera?B You never have to buy another film,there's no film, there's no chemicalprocessing involved. There's no delaywaiting for the film to be developed.Instead of being held on film, theimages are written to solid statememory.
Most cameras have an LCD onthe back. You can see straight awaywhat your last shot looks like. If youdon't like it, you can delete it and takeanother. You can download the imagesto a PC for retouching, manipulating,or printing out.A Do you need any special software?B Yes, but it comes with the camera. It'snot difficult to install. You can also useyour TV to give slide shows and youcan email copies to your friends.PART 2A Any disadvantages? What's the downside?B Well, they're still pricey but they'regetting cheaper. And the quality isn'tas sharp as a good 35 mm.
Peopleforget too that if you want prints, youhave to invest in a photo-quality colourprinter. That can be expensive andprinting costs can also be high - thepaper, the ink and so on.A Anything else?B Batteries. You get through them.Digitals are power-hungry especially ifyou use the LCD a lot for playback.A If I wanted to buy one, what should Ilook for?B First of all, the resolution. It's likebuying a monitor. The higher theresolution, the more details you'll beable to get in the picture. Don't buyanything less than two million pixels.A second major specification, andit's tied up with image quality, is thenumber of pictures you can storebefore the camera is full and you needto download to your PC. A 1280 by 960image takes over a megabyte ofmemory.
That doesn't leave much roomfor many shots on a typical 16megabyte Flash card. Fortunately youcan compress the data and squeeze alot more lower resolution shots ontoone card.It's worth considering too the typeof battery used. Get one withrechargeable cells.UNIT 5Interview: Former StudentPART 1Interviewer What was your coursecalled?Paul The first one was a Higher NationalCertificate in Computing. That wasmainly programming.I Uhum.P And the second one was a HigherNational Diploma in ComputingSupport.I Ah, that's quite a change.
Did youoriginally think of being aprogrammer?P Yeh, but when I finished the coursethere weren't a lot of jobs inprogramming and there seemed to bemore in support. So support seemed abetter career move.I Erm, what were the main subjects inyour diploma course?P Hardware, Planning, Design, Softwaredevelopment, Applications,Communication.
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