Спец часть (часть 3) (3 поток) (2015) (by Кибитова) (1161603), страница 10
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◊ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ ÏÓÊÂÚ ·ÓÒËÚ¸«‰ÂÒ¸ÏÓÊÌÓۂˉÂÚ¸ ‡Ì‡ÎÓ„Ë˛Ò ÔÓ˜ÚÓ‚ÓÈÒËÒÚÂÏÓÈ.ÏÓÊÂÚ ·ÓÒËÚ¸ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÏÂʉÛ̇ӉÌ˚ıÔËÒÂÏ‚ ÔÓ˜ÚÓ‚˚Èˇ˘ËÍ ◊ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÒÚ‡ÌÂ,Ë ÂÒÎË ÔÓ‚ÂÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓÏÂʉÛ̇ӉÌ˚ıÔËÒÂÏ‚ÔÓ˜ÚÓ‚˚Èˇ˘Ë͂ӉÌÓÈÒÚ‡ÌÂ,Ë ÂÒÎËÔÓ‚Â- ÒÚ‡ÁÂÚ, ·Óθ¯‡ˇ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ËÁ ÌËı ·Û‰ÂÚ ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂ̇ ÔÓ Ô‡‚ËθÌ˚Ï ‡‰Â҇ς ‰Û„ËıÁÂÚ, ̇ı.·Óθ¯‡ˇ˜‡ÒÚ¸ËÁÌËı·Û‰ÂÚ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂ̇ÔÓÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚χ‰Â҇ς‰Û„ËıÒÚ‡- ÔÓ˜¬ÂÓˇÚÌÓ, ÔËҸχ ÔÓ ‰ÓÓ„Â ÔÓȉÛÚ ˜ÂÂÁ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÏÂʉÛ̇ӉÌ˚ı̇ı.ÚÓ‚˚ı¬ÂÓˇÚÌÓ,ÔËҸχÔÓ ‰ÓÓ„ÂÔÓȉÛÚ ˜ÂÂÁÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓÏÂʉÛ̇ӉÌ˚ı ÔÓ˜¯Î˛ÁÓ‚,Ӊ̇ÍÓ˝ÚÓ ÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÚÒˇÚ‡ÈÌÓÈ‰Îˇ ÍÓÂÒÔÓ̉ÂÌÚÓ‚.¬ ͇ʉÓÈÚÓ‚˚ı¯Î˛ÁÓ‚,Ӊ̇ÍÓ˝ÚÓÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÚÒˇÚ‡ÈÌÓÈ‰ÎˇÍÓÂÒÔÓ̉ÂÌÚÓ‚.¬ ͇ʉÓÈ ‡ÁÒڇ̠(ÚÓ ÂÒÚ¸ ‚ ͇ʉÓÈ ÒÂÚË) ÏÓ„ÛÚ ·˚Ú¸ Ò‚ÓË Ï‡ÍË, Ò‚ÓË Ô‰ÔÓ˜ËÚ‡ÂÏ˚ÂÒÚ‡ÌÂ(ÚÓÍÓÌ‚ÂÚÓ‚ÂÒÚ¸ ‚ ͇ʉÓÈÒÂÚË) ÏÓ„ÛÚ·˚Ú¸ Ò‚ÓËχÍË, Ò‚ÓËÏÂ˚Ë Ô‡‚Ë·‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÍË,ÌÂÁ‡ÏÂÚÌ˚‰ΡÔ‰ÔÓ˜ËÚ‡ÂÏ˚ÂÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÚÂÎÂÈ ‡ÁÔÓ˜ÚÓ‚ÓÈÏÂ˚ ÍÓÌ‚ÂÚÓ‚ Ë Ô‡‚Ë· ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÍË, ÌÂÁ‡ÏÂÚÌ˚ ‰Îˇ ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÚÂÎÂÈ ÔÓ˜ÚÓ‚ÓÈÒÎÛÊ·˚.ÒÎÛÊ·˚.ÃÂÊÒÂÚ‚ÓÈ ÛÓ‚Â̸ ÓÔ‰ÂΡÂÚ ÓÙˈˇθÌ˚È ÙÓÏ‡Ú Ô‡ÍÂÚ‡ Ë ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎ, ̇ÃÂÊÒÂÚ‚ÓÈ ÛÓ‚Â̸ ÓÔ‰ÂΡÂÚ ÓÙˈˇθÌ˚È ÙÓÏ‡Ú Ô‡ÍÂÚ‡ Ë ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎ, ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÏ˚È IP (Interne t Protocol) .
«‡‰‡˜ÂÈ ÏÂÊÒÂÚÂ‚Ó„Ó ÔÓÚÓÍÓ· ˇ‚ΡÂÚÒˇ ‰ÓÁ˚‚‡ÂÏ˚È IP (Interne t Protocol) . «‡‰‡˜ÂÈ ÏÂÊÒÂÚÂ‚Ó„Ó ÔÓÚÓÍÓ· ˇ‚ΡÂÚÒˇ ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚͇ IP-Ô‡ÍÂÚÓ‚ Í ÔÛÌÍÚ‡Ï Ì‡Á̇˜ÂÌˡ. ŒÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ÏË ‡ÒÔÂÍÚ‡ÏË Á‰ÂÒ¸ ˇ‚Ρ˛ÚÒˇÒÚ‡‚͇ IP-Ô‡ÍÂÚÓ‚ Í ÔÛÌÍÚ‡Ï Ì‡Á̇˜ÂÌˡ. ŒÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ÏË ‡ÒÔÂÍÚ‡ÏË Á‰ÂÒ¸ ˇ‚Ρ˛ÚÒˇ‚˚·Óχ¯ÛÚ‡Ô‡ÍÂÚ‡Ë Ì‰ÓÔÛ˘ÂÌËÂÁ‡ÍÛÔÓÍËÚ‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚ı‡ÚÂËÈ.‚˚·Óχ¯ÛÚ‡Ô‡ÍÂÚ‡Ë Ì‰ÓÔÛ˘ÂÌËÂÁ‡ÍÛÔÓÍËÚ‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚ı‡ÚÂËÈ.œÓ- œÓ˝ÚÓÏÛÏÓÊÌÓÛÚ‚Âʉ‡Ú¸,ÏÂÊÒÂÚ‚ÓÈÛÓ‚Â̸ÏÓ‰ÂÎËP ÙÛÌ͈ËÓ˝ÚÓÏÛÏÓÊÌÓÛÚ‚Âʉ‡Ú¸,˜ÚÓ ˜ÚÓÏÂÊÒÂÚ‚ÓÈÛÓ‚Â̸ÏÓ‰ÂÎËTCP/ITCP/IP ÙÛÌ͈ËÓ̇θÌÓ·ÎËÁÓÍÒÂÚ‚ÓÏÛÛÓ‚Ì˛ÏÓ‰ÂÎËOSI.›ÚÓÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËÂÔÓ͇Á‡ÌÓ̇̇θÌÓ ·ÎËÁÓÍ ÒÂÚ‚ÓÏÛ ÛÓ‚Ì˛ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË OSI.
›ÚÓ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ë ÔÓ͇Á‡ÌÓ Ì‡ËÒ.1.17.ËÒ. 1.17.OSI OSIataHaus.RUtaHaus.RU¯ÛÛ‚‡Ê‡ÊÚÓ‡·ÓÚÓ˚ËÔË‚‡Â·Ó‚‡ÂÔ¡ÁËÒ‚ˇÁË̇ˇÂÌ̇ˇÂË ÚÂ-ÓÒ‚ ÓÒ̸,Ó‚Â̸,ÒÂÈÈ‚ÒÂÈÓ„ÓÊ‰Ó„Óˇ Í¸Òˇ ÍÔÓÓÏ ÔÓ‡‚ÚÔ‡‚ÎÓÓ ÒÎÓ-67TCP/IPTCP/IP7œËÍ·‰ÌÓÈ7 œËÍ·‰ÌÓÈ6”Ó‚Â̸6 ”Ó‚Â̸Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌˡÔ‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌˡ55 —‡ÌÒÓ‚˚ȗ‡ÌÒÓ‚˚È4“‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚È4“‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚È“‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚È“‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚È33—ÂÚ‚ÓÈ—ÂÚ‚ÓÈÃÂÊÒÂÚ‚ÓÈÃÂÊÒÂÚ‚ÓÈ21œËÍ·‰ÌÓÈœËÍ·‰ÌÓÈÕ ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛ÚÕ ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú‚ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË‚ ÏÓ‰ÂΘ‰‡˜Ë‰‡ÌÌ˚ı‰‡ÌÌ˚ı2 œÂ‰‡˜Ë1 ‘ËÁ˘ÂÒÍËÈ‘ËÁ˘ÂÒÍËÈŒÚ ıÓÒÚ‡Í ÒÂÚË Í ÒÂÚËŒÚ ıÓÒÚ‡–ËÒ. –ËÒ.1.17 .
1.17›Ú‡ÎÓÌ̇ˇÏÓ‰ÂθTCP/IPTCP/IP. ›Ú‡ÎÓÌ̇ˇÏÓ‰Âθ “‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚ÈÛÓ‚Â̸“‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚ÈÛÓ‚Â̸”Ó‚Â̸,‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌÌ˚È̇‰ ÏÂÊÒÂÚ‚˚ÏÛÓ‚ÌÂÏÏÓ‰ÂÎËTCP/IP, Í‡Í Ô‡‚ËÎÓ,”Ó‚Â̸,‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌÌ˚È̇‰ ÏÂÊÒÂÚ‚˚ÏÛÓ‚ÌÂÏÏÓ‰ÂÎËTCP/IP, Í‡Í Ô‡‚ËÎÓ,̇Á˚‚‡˛ÚÚ‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚Ï.ŒÌÒÓÁ‰‡Ì‰ÎˇÚÓ„Ó,˜ÚÓ·˚Ó‰ÌӇ̄ӂ˚ÂÒÛ˘ÌÓÒÚË̇̇Á˚‚‡˛Ú Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚Ï. ŒÌ ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì ‰Îˇ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ·˚ Ó‰ÌӇ̄ӂ˚ÂÒÛ˘ÌÓÒÚË̇ÔËÂÏÌ˚ıËÔ‰‡˛˘ËııÓÒÚ‡ıÏÓ„ÎËÔÓ‰‰ÂÊË‚‡Ú¸Ò‚ˇÁ¸,ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓÚ‡ÌÒÔÓÚÔËÂÏÌ˚ı Ë Ô‰‡˛˘Ëı ıÓÒÚ‡ı ÏÓ„ÎË ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊË‚‡Ú¸ Ò‚ˇÁ¸, ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌÓÏÛÛÓ‚Ì˛ÏÓ‰ÂÎËOSI.OSI.Õ‡ ˝ÚÓÏÛӂ̉ÓÎÊÌ˚·˚Ú¸ ·˚Ú¸ÓÔËÒ‡Ì˚‰‚‡ ÒÍ‚ÓÁÌ˚ıÌÓÏÛÛÓ‚Ì˛ÏÓ‰ÂÎËÕ‡ ˝ÚÓÏÛӂ̉ÓÎÊÌ˚ÓÔËÒ‡Ì˚‰‚‡ ÒÍ‚ÓÁÌ˚ıÔÓÚÓÍÓ·.œÂ‚˚È,TCP(TransmissionControlProtocol—ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌˡÔÓÚÓÍÓ·.
œÂ‚˚È, TCP (Transmissio n Contro l Protoco l — ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌˡÔ‰‡˜ÂÈ),ˇ‚ΡÂÚÒˇÌ‡‰ÂÊÌ˚ÏÔÓÚÓÍÓÎÓÏÒÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËÂÏÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËÈ,ÔÓÁ‚ÓÔ‰‡˜ÂÈ), ˇ‚ΡÂÚÒˇ ̇‰ÂÊÌ˚Ï ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎÓÏ Ò ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËÂÏ ÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËÈ, ÔÓÁ‚ÓΡ˛˘ËÏ·ÂÁ ӯ˷Ó͉ÓÒÚ‡‚Ρڸ·‡ÈÚÓ‚˚ÈÔÓÚÓÍÔÓÚÓÍÒ Ó‰ÌÓÈχ¯ËÌ˚̇ β·Û˛‰Û- ‰ÛΡ˛˘ËÏ·ÂÁ ӯ˷Ó͉ÓÒÚ‡‚Ρڸ·‡ÈÚÓ‚˚ÈÒ Ó‰ÌÓÈχ¯ËÌ˚̇ β·Û˛„Û˛„Û˛Ï‡¯ËÌÛÓ·˙‰ËÌÂÌÌÓÈÒÂÚË.ŒÌ‡Á·Ë‚‡ÂÚ‚ıÓ‰ÌÓÈÔÓÚÓÍ·‡ÈÚӂ̇ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚Âχ¯ËÌÛ Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌÌÓÈ ÒÂÚË. ŒÌ ‡Á·Ë‚‡ÂÚ ‚ıÓ‰ÌÓÈ ÔÓÚÓÍ ·‡ÈÚÓ‚ ̇ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ÂÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌˡ Ë Ô‰‡ÂÚ Ëı ÏÂÊÒÂÚ‚ÓÏÛ ÛÓ‚Ì˛.
¬ ÔÛÌÍÚ ̇Á̇˜ÂÌˡ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡˛ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌˡ Ë Ô‰‡ÂÚ Ëı ÏÂÊÒÂÚ‚ÓÏÛ ÛÓ‚Ì˛. ¬ ÔÛÌÍÚ ̇Á̇˜ÂÌˡ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡˛˘ËÈ TCP -ÔÓˆÂÒÒ ÒӷˇÂÚ ËÁ ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌÌ˚ı ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÈ ‚˚ıÓ‰ÌÓÈ ÔÓÚÓÍ. ÓÏ¢ËÈ TCP -ÔÓˆÂÒÒ ÒӷˇÂÚ ËÁ ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌÌ˚ı ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËÈ ‚˚ıÓ‰ÌÓÈ ÔÓÚÓÍ. ÓÏÂÚÓ„Ó, TC P ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒڂΡÂÚ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌË ÔÓÚÓÍÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ·˚ÒÚ˚È ÓÚÔ‡‚ËÚÂθ Ì Á‡ÚÓ„Ó,TC P ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒڂΡÂÚ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌË ÔÓÚÓÍÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ·˚ ·˚ÒÚ˚È ÓÚÔ‡‚ËÚÂθ Ì Á‡‚‡ÎËÎ ËÌÙÓχˆËÂÈ Ï‰ÎÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÚÂΡ.‚‡ÎËÎ ËÌÙÓχˆËÂÈ Ï‰ÎÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÚÂΡ. θÒÍËÈÓ‰Ë̇ TC PÌÓ‡ÁÓÚ¸ ‚‡Êˡ ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎ‡Ó‚ÌˇıŒÔ˚ÚÔËÎÓ"ËÎËÂ̸‡ OSI)‡‰ÌÓÈ√·‚‡ 1.
¬‚‰ÂÌËÂ6868√·‚‡ 1. ¬‚‰ÂÌˬÚÓÓÈ ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÛÓ‚Ìˇ, UD P (Use r Dat a Protoco l - ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÚÂθÒÍËÈ͇ÔÓÚÓÍÓΉ‡ÌÌ˚ı),ÌÂ̇‰ÂÊÌ˚ÏÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌˡ ÒÓ‰Ë̬ÚÓÓÈÔÓÚÓÍÓΡ‚ΡÂÚÒˇ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÛÓ‚Ìˇ,UD P (Use r ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎÓÏDat a Protoco l -·ÂÁÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÚÂθÒÍËÈÔÌˡ,Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛˘ËÏÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÂÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÔÓÚÓÍÓÏÒÓ‰ËÌÂÔÓÚÓÍÓ· TC P ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÌË·Û‰¸ÔÔÓÚÓÍÓΉ‡ÌÌ˚ı), ˇ‚ΡÂÚÒˇÌÂ̇‰ÂÊÌ˚Ï ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎÓÏ·ÂÁ ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌˡÔÓÚÓÍÓÎÌË͇ͬÌˡ, Ì ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛˘ËÏÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÂÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÔÓÚÓÍÓÏËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒˇÔÓÚÓÍÓ· TC P‚ Ó‰ÌÓ‡ÁÓ‡ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚Ρ˛˘ËÏÒ‚ÓÂÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÂ. ŒÌÚ‡ÍÊ ¯ËÓÍÓ¬ ÍÌË„‡ı Ë ÒÚ‡Ú¸‡ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚Ρ˛˘ËÏÒ‚Ó Á‡ÔÓÒ‡ıÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÂ.Ú‡ÍÊ ¯ËÓÍÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒˇ‚ Ó‰ÌÓ‡ÁÓ‚˚ıÍÎËÂÌÚ-Ò‚ÂÌ˚ıË ŒÌÔËÎÓÊÂÌˡı,‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÓÔ‡ÚË‚ÌÓÒÚ¸‚‡Ê‚˚ıÍÎËÂÌÚ-Ò‚ÂÌ˚ıÁ‡ÔÓÒ‡ıËÔËÎÓÊÂÌˡı,‚ÍÓÚÓ˚ıÓÔ‡ÚË‚ÌÓÒÚ¸‚‡ÊÌ ‡ÍÍÛ‡ÚÌÓÒÚË, ̇ÔËÏÂ, ÔË Ô‰‡˜Â Â˜Ë Ë ‚ˉÂÓ. ¬Á‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌˡ ÔÓ—Ì ‡ÍÍÛ‡ÚÌÓÒÚË, ̇ÔËÏÂ, ÔË Ô‰‡˜Â Â˜Ë Ë ‚ˉÂÓ.
¬Á‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌˡ ÔÓ—‡‚ÌÂÌËÂÚÓÍÓÎÓ‚IP,TCPËUDPÔÓ͇Á‡Ì˚̇ËÒ.1.18.—Ó‚ÂÏÂÌËÒÓÁ‰‡ÌˡÔÓÚÓÍÓ·ÚÓÍÓÎÓ‚ IP , TC P Ë UD P ÔÓ͇Á‡Ì˚ ̇ ËÒ. 1.18. —Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË ÒÓÁ‰‡Ìˡ ÔÓÚÓÍÓ·IP IP˝ÚÓÚ·˚·ÎËÁÓ‚‡Ì‡ÎËÁÓ‚‡Ì‚Ó ÏÌÓ„Ëı” ÏÓ‰ÂÎÂÈ OSI”Ë˝ÚÓÚÔÓÚÓÍÓÎÔÓÚÓÍÓÎ ·˚Î‚Ó ÏÌÓ„Ëı‰Û„Ëı‰Û„ËıÒÂÚˇı. ÒÂÚˇı. ˆÂˆÂÔˆËËÒÚÂ͇ ÌÂÁ„ÓÏ ÒıÓʇ. Õ‡ÔœËÍ·‰ÌÓÈ ÛÓ‚Â̸„ÓœËÍ·‰ÌÓÈÛÓ‚Â̸Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚Ρ˛ÚÔÒ¬ ÏÓ‰ÂÎËTCP/ITCP/I PP ÌÂÚÛÓ‚ÌˇË ÛÓ‚ÌˇÔ‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌˡ.¬ ˝ÚËı ÛÓ‚Ìˇı¬ ÏÓ‰ÂÎËÌÂÚÒ‡ÌÒÓ‚Ó„ÓÒ‡ÌÒÓ‚Ó„ÓÛÓ‚ÌˇË ÛÓ‚ÌˇÔ‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌˡ.¬ ˝ÚËı ÛÓ‚Ìˇı ˆÂÒÒÓ‚, Ê·˛˘ÔÓÒÚÓ Ì ·˚ÎÓ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÓÌË Ì ·˚ÎË ‚Íβ˜ÂÌ˚ ‚ ÏÓ‰Âθ ŒÔ˚ÚÔÓÒÚÓ·˚ÎÓ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË,ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛÓÌË Ì·˚ÎË·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Ó‚Íβ˜ÂÌ˚ ÔËÎÓ‚ ÏÓ‰Âθ ŒÔ˚Ú Í‡ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚ‡.ˆÂ“‡·ÓÚ˚ÌÂÒ ÏÓ‰Âθ˛OSI ‰Ó͇Á‡Î Ô‡‚ÓÚÛ˝ÚÓÈ ÚÓ˜ÍËÁÂÌˡ:‡·ÓÚ˚OSI ‰Ó͇Á‡Î Ô‡‚ÓÚÛ ˝ÚÓÈ ÚÓ˜ÍË ÁÂÌˡ: ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚ÓÔËÎÓ- ÔËÍ·‰Ì˚ÏË Í‡ÔÊÂÌËËÒ‚ ÏÓ‰Âθ˛ÌËı χÎÓ ÌÛʉ‡˛ÚÒˇ."ËÎËÔÊÂÌËË ‚ ÌËı χÎÓ ÌÛʉ‡˛ÚÒˇ."ËÎËÕÂÒÏÓÚˇ ̇΢ËÈ.
¬ ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ‚ÌËχÌË ̇ ÚÓ,Î˔ӂÂ̸˘Ë ËÏ ÒÚÂÍË‚ÌÔœËÍ·‰ÌÓÈ(ËÏÂ̇ OSI)—Û˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÍÌˢÌÂÌ˲ ÏÓ‰ÂÎÂÈ TDNSœËÍ·‰ÌÓÈƒÎˇ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË—O“‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚È1. —ÎÛÊ·˚. Ì“‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚È 2. »ÌÚÂÙÂÈÒ˚.—ÂÚ‚ÓÈ3. œÓÚÓÍÓÎ˚.1.”Ó‚Â̸(ËÏÂ̇ OSI)TELNETFTPTELNETœÓÚÓÍÓÎ˚ <SMTPFTPDNSSMTPTCPœÓÚÓÍÓÎ˚ <UDPTCPNataHaus.RUUDPIP„—ÂÚË <„ARPANETSATNETœ‡ÍÂÚÌÓÂIP‡‰ËÓÀÓ͇θ̇ˇÒÂÚ¸–ËÒ. 1.18 .
œÓÚÓÍÓÎ˚ Ë ÒÂÚË ‚ ÏÓ‰ÂÎËTCP/IPœ‡ÍÂÚÌÓÂARPANETSATNET‡‰ËÓNataHaus.2.‘ËÁ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ++ Ô‰‡˜Ë —ÂÚ‚Óȉ‡ÌÌ˚ı‘ËÁ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ++ Ô‰‡˜ËÕ‡‰ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚Ï ÛÓ‚ÌÂÏ ‡ÒÔÓ·„‡ÂÚÒˇ ÔËÍ·‰ÌÓÈ ÛÓ‚Â̸. ŒÌ ÒÓ‰ÂÊËÚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı—ÂÚË <ÀÓ͇θ̇ˇÒÂÚ¸‚Ò ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎ˚ ‚˚ÒÓÍÓ„Ó ÛÓ‚Ìˇ. ÒÚ‡˚Ï ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎ‡Ï ÓÚÌÓÒˇÚÒˇ ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎ ‚Ë–ËÒ. 1.18 . œÓÚÓÍÓÎ˚ Ë ÒÂÚË ‚ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË TCP/IPÚۇθÌÓ„Ó ÚÂÏË̇· (TELNET) , ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎ ÔÂÂÌÓÒ‡ Ù‡ÈÎÓ‚ (FTP ) Ë ÔÓÚÓÍÓνÎÂÍÚÓÌÌÓÈ ÔÓ˜Ú˚ (SMTP) , Í‡Í ÔÓ͇Á‡ÌÓ Ì‡ ËÒ. 1.18. œÓÚÓÍÓÎ ‚ËÚۇθÌÓ„ÓÕ‡‰ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚ÏÛÓ‚ÌÂÏ ‡ÒÔÓ·„‡ÂÚÒˇÚÂÏË̇·ÔÓÁ‚ÓΡÂÚ ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÚÂβ„ËÒÚËÓ‚‡Ú¸ÒˇÔËÍ·‰ÌÓÈ̇ Û‰‡ÎÂÌÌÓÏÛÓ‚Â̸.Ò‚ÂÂ Ë ŒÌ‡- ÒÓ‰ÂÊËÚ‚Ò·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎ˚‚˚ÒÓÍÓ„ÓÛÓ‚Ìˇ. ÒÚ‡˚ÏÔÓÚÓÍÓ·ÏÓÚÌÓÒˇÚÒˇÔÓÚÓÍÓ΂Ë̇ ÌÂÏ.
œÓÚÓÍÓÎ ÔÂÂÌÓÒ‡ Ù‡ÈÎÓ‚ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ΡÂÚ ˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚Ì˚È ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÚۇθÌÓ„ÓÚÂÏË̇·(TELNET), ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎÙ‡ÈÎÓ‚(FTP ) Ë ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎÔÂÂÏ¢ÂÌˡËÌÙÓχˆËËÒ Ï‡¯ËÌ˚̇ χ¯ËÌÛ. ÔÂÂÌÓÒ‡›ÎÂÍÚÓÌ̇ˇÔÓ˜Ú‡ ËÁ̇˜‡Î¸ÌÓÔ‰ÒÚ‡‚Ρ· ÔÓ˜Ú˚ÒÓ·ÓÈ ‡ÁÌӂˉÌÓÒÚ¸ÔÂÂÌÓÒ‡Ù‡ÈÎÓ‚,Ӊ̇ÍÓÔÓÁ‰ÌÂ‰Ρ Ì ‚ËÚۇθÌÓ„Ó·˚νÎÂÍÚÓÌÌÓÈ(SMTP) , ͇ÍÔÓ͇Á‡ÌÓ̇ ËÒ.1.18.œÓÚÓÍÓ·Á‡·ÓÚ‡ÌÔÓÁ‚ÓΡÂÚÒÔˆˇθÌ˚ÈÔÓÚÓÍÓÎ. — „Ó‰‡ÏË·˚ÎÓ ‰Ó·‡‚ÎÂÌÓ‰Û„Ëı ÔÓÚÂÏË̇·ÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÚÂβ„ËÒÚËÓ‚‡Ú¸ÒˇÌ‡ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ‰‡ÎÂÌÌÓÏÒ‚ÂÂ Ë ‡ÚÓÍÓÎÓ‚, Ú‡ÍËı Í‡Í DN S (Domai n Nam e Service — ÒÎÛÊ·‡ ËÏÂÌ ‰ÓÏÂÌÓ‚), ÔÓÁ‚Ó·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ ̇ ÌÂÏ. œÓÚÓÍÓÎ ÔÂÂÌÓÒ‡ Ù‡ÈÎÓ‚ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ΡÂÚ ˝ÙÙÂÍÚË‚Ì˚È ÒÔÓÒӷΡ˛˘‡ˇ ÔÂÓ·‡ÁÓ‚˚‚‡Ú¸ ËÏÂ̇ ıÓÒÚÓ‚ ‚ ÒÂÚ‚˚ ‡‰ÂÒ‡, NNT P (Networ k NewsÔÂÂÏ¢ÂÌˡËÌÙÓχˆËËÒ Ï‡¯ËÌ˚̇ χ¯ËÌÛ.›ÎÂÍÚÓÌ̇ˇÔÓ˜Ú‡ËÒËÁ̇˜‡Î¸ÌÓTransfer Protocol — ÒÂÚ‚ÓÈ ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎÔ‰‡˜ËÌÓ‚ÓÒÚÂÈ),HTTP , ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎ,Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚Ρ·ÒÓ·ÓȇÁÌӂˉÌÓÒڸӉ̇ÍÓÔÓÁ‰Ì ‰Îˇ Ì ·˚ÎÔÓθÁÛÂÏ˚È ‰ÎˇÒÓÁ‰‡ÌˡÒÚ‡Ìˈ ̇ ÔÂÂÌÓÒ‡World WideÙ‡ÈÎÓ‚,Web, Ë ÏÌӄˉۄËÂ.‡Á‡·ÓÚ‡Ì ÒÔˆˇθÌ˚È ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎ.
— „Ó‰‡ÏË ·˚ÎÓ ‰Ó·‡‚ÎÂÌÓ ÏÌÓ„Ó ‰Û„Ëı ÔÓ’ÓÒÚ-ÒÂÚ‚ÓÈÚÓÍÓÎÓ‚,Ú‡ÍËı ͇ÍÛÓ‚Â̸DN S (Domai n Nam e Service —ÒÎÛÊ·‡ ËÏÂÌÔÓÁ‚Ó›Ú‡ÎÓÌÌ˚ÂÏÓ‰ÂÎˉÓÏÂÌÓ‚),69¬ ˝Ú‡ÎÓÌÌÓÈÏÓ‰ÂÎË TCP/I PËÏÂ̇Ì ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚÒˇ‡ÒÔÓ·„‡ÂÚÒˇÌËÊÂΡ˛˘‡ˇÔÂÓ·‡ÁÓ‚˚‚‡Ú¸ıÓÒÚÓ‚ ‚ ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ,ÒÂÚ‚˚ ˜ÚÓ‡‰ÂÒ‡,NNT P (Network NewsÏÂÊÒÂÚ‚ӄÓÛÓ‚Ìˇ.ÚÓθÍÓ, ˜ÚÓıÓÒÚ ÒÓ‰ËÌˇÂÚÒˇÒ ÒÂÚ¸˛HTTPÔË ÔÓÏÓ˘ËTransferProtocol ——ÓÓ·˘‡ÂÚÒˇÒÂÚ‚ÓÈ ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎÔ‰‡˜ËÌÓ‚ÓÒÚÂÈ),, ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎ,ËÒ Í‡ÍÓ„Ó-ÌË·Û‰¸ÔÓÚÓÍÓ·,ÔÓÁ‚ÓΡ˛˘Â„ÓÔÓÒ˚·ڸÒÂÚË IP-Ô‡ÍÂÚ˚.ÔÓθÁÛÂÏ˚È‰ÎˇÒÓÁ‰‡ÌˡÒÚ‡Ìˈ ̇ÂÏÛWorldWideÔÓWeb,Ë ÏÌÓ„Ë ›ÚÓÚ‰Û„ËÂ.ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎ ÌËÍ‡Í Ì ÓÔ‰ÂΡÂÚÒˇ Ë ÏÓÊÂÚ ÏÂÌˇÚ¸Òˇ ÓÚ ıÓÒÚ‡ Í ıÓÒÚÛ Ë ÓÚ ÒÂÚË Í ÒÂÚË.¬ ÍÌË„‡ı Ë ÒÚ‡Ú¸ˇı, ÔÓÒ‚ˇ˘ÂÌÌ˚ı’ÓÒÚ-ÒÂÚ‚ÓÈÛÓ‚Â̸ÏÓ‰ÂÎË TCP/IP , ˝ÚÓÚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Ó·ÒÛʉ‡ÂÚÒˇ ‰ÍÓ. ¬ ˝Ú‡ÎÓÌÌÓÈ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË TCP/I P Ì ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚÒˇ ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‡ÒÔÓ·„‡ÂÚÒˇ ÌËÊ—‡‚ÌÂÌË ˝Ú‡ÎÓÌÌ˚ı ÏÓ‰ÂÎÂÈ OSI Ë TCPÏÂÊÒÂÚÂ‚Ó„Ó ÛÓ‚Ìˇ.
—ÓÓ·˘‡ÂÚÒˇ ÚÓθÍÓ, ˜ÚÓ ıÓÒÚ ÒÓ‰ËÌˇÂÚÒˇ Ò ÒÂÚ¸˛ ÔË ÔÓÏӢ˔ ÏÓ‰ÂÎÂÈ OSI Ë TC P ËÏÂÂÚÒˇ ÏÌÓ„Ó Ó·˘Ëı ˜ÂÚ. Œ·Â ÏÓ‰ÂÎË ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì˚ ̇ ÍÓ̈ÂÔˆËË ÒÚÂ͇ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚ı ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎÓ‚. ‘ÛÌ͈ËÓ̇θÌÓÒÚ¸ ÛÓ‚ÌÂÈ Ú‡ÍÊ ‚Ó ÏÌÓ„ÓÏ ÒıÓʇ. Õ‡ÔËÏÂ, ‚ Ó·ÂËı ÏÓ‰ÂΡı ÛÓ‚ÌË, ̇˜Ë̇ˇ Ò Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌÓ„Ó Ë ‚˚¯Â,Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚Ρ˛Ú ÒÍ‚ÓÁÌÛ˛, Ì Á‡‚ËÒˇ˘Û˛ ÓÚ ÒÂÚË Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌÛ˛ ÒÎÛÊ·Û ‰Îˇ ÔÓˆÂÒÒÓ‚, Ê·˛˘Ëı Ó·ÏÂÌË‚‡Ú¸Òˇ ËÌÙÓχˆËÂÈ. ›ÚË ÛÓ‚ÌË Ó·‡ÁÛ˛Ú ÔÓÒÚ‡‚˘Ë͇ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚ‡. “‡ÍÊ ‚ ͇ʉÓÈ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË ÛÓ‚ÌË ‚˚¯Â Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌÓ„Ó ˇ‚Ρ˛ÚÒˇÔËÍ·‰Ì˚ÏË ÔÓÚ·ËÚÂΡÏË Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚÌ˚ı Ò‚ËÒÓ‚.ÕÂÒÏÓÚˇ ̇ ˝ÚÓ ÙÛ̉‡ÏÂÌڇθÌÓ ÒıÓ‰ÒÚ‚Ó, Û ˝ÚËı ÏÓ‰ÂÎÂÈ ËÏÂÂÚÒˇ Ë ˇ‰ ÓÚ΢ËÈ.
¬ ‰‡ÌÌÓÏ ‡Á‰ÂΠÏ˚ Ó·‡ÚËÏ ‚ÌËχÌË ̇ Íβ˜Â‚˚ ‡ÁÎË˜Ëˇ. Œ·‡ÚËÚ‚ÌËχÌË ̇ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ï˚ Ò‡‚ÌË‚‡ÂÏ ËÏÂÌÌÓ ˝Ú‡ÎÓÌÌ˚ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË, ‡ Ì ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ë ËÏ ÒÚÂÍË ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎÓ‚. —‡ÏË ÔÓÚÓÍÓÎ˚ ·Û‰ÛÚ Ó·ÒÛʉ‡Ú¸Òˇ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÔÓÁ‰ÌÂÂ.—Û˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÍÌË„‡ (Piscitell o Ë Chapin , 1993), ÍÓÚÓ‡ˇ ˆÂÎËÍÓÏ ÔÓÒ‚ˇ˘Â̇ Ò‡‚-¬ÂÓˇÚÌÓ, ̇ËÍÓ̈ÂÔˆËÈ. ‡Ê3.ÌÓ„Ó ‚˚¯Â ÛÓ‚ÌÓÌ ˝ÚÓ ‰Â·ÂÚ ËÒÚÛÔ Í ‰‡ÌÌÓÏÛÍÓÛ»ÌÚÂÙÂÈÒÌÓÛ‚˚¯Â ÔÓˆÂÒÒÓ‚.ÓÌ˜Â„Ó Ì ÒÓÓ·˘‡ÂÚÒÚÕ‡ÍÓ̈, ‡‚ÂÌÌËÏ ‰ÂÎÓÏ Ò‡‚˚Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌˡÛÓ‚Â̸ ÏÓÊÂÚ˜ÂÏÍËı ÛÓ‚ÌÂÈ.• ›ÚË Ë‰ÂË ÂÓ˜ÚËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÔӷ·‰‡˛˘Â„Ó Ì‡·ÛÌËÈ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ.
—ÂÍËÓ·˙ÂÍÚÓÏ. œ‡‡ÏÂÌÌ ÛÒÚÓÈÒÚ‚•Ó·˙ÂÍÚ‡ ÓÌÓ ÌËÍÓÚË•••• ' »Á̇˜‡Î¸ÌÓÓ·»ÌÚÂÙÂÈÒÓÏ Ë ÔÌËÓ·ÂÌÓ·••••»Ì44.Сетевой уровеньв Интернет:протоколыARP, RARP,DHCP. адресация, протокол IPпротоколыARP, RARP,DHCP.адресация, протокол IPv4,44.Сетевой уровеньв Интернет:протоколы ARP, RARP, DHCP. общения с другим оборудованием. Это может быть не только компьютер,но и маршрутизатор, концентратор и т.п.