Т.В. Артеменко, Е.В. Кривощекова, Е.В. Кравченко, Н.Е. Николаева - Reader in Language and Culture (1098538), страница 10
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In1811 he wasapprenticed to a surgeon-apothecary. His first poem, "Lines in Imitation of58Spenser", was written in 1814. In that year he moved to London and resumedhis surgical studies in 1815 as a student at Guy's hospital. Next year hebecame a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries.
Before devoting himselfentirely to poetry, Keats worked as a dresser and junior house surgeon. InLondon he had met the editor of The Examiner, Leigh Hunt, who introducedhim to other young Romantics, including Shelley. His poem, "O Solitude",also appeared in The Examiner.Keats's first book, Poems, was published in 1817. It was about this timeKeats started to use his letters as the vehicle of his thoughts of poetry."Endymion", Keats's first long poem appeared, when he was 21.
Keats'sgreatest works were written in the late 1810s, among them "Lamia", "TheEve of St. Agnes", the great odes including "Ode to a Nightingale", Ode ToAutumn" and "Ode on a Grecian Urn". He worked briefly as a theatrical criticfor The Champion.Keats spent three months in 1818 attending his brother Tom, who wasseriously ill with tuberculosis.
After Tom's death in December, Keats movedto Hampstead. In the winter of 1818-19 he worked mainly on "Hyperion".In 1820 the second volume of Keats poems appeared and gained criticalsuccess. However, Keats was suffering from tuberculosis and his poems weremarked with sadness partly because he was too poor to marry Fanny Brawne,the woman he loved.Declining Shelley's invitation to join him at Pisa, Keats went to Rome,where he died at the age of 25, on February 23, 1821. Keats told his friendJoseph Severn that he wanted on his grave just the line, "Here lies one whosename was writ in water."59La Belle Dame sans MerciIO what can ail thee, knight-at-arms,Alone and palely loitering?The sedge has wither’d from the lake,And no birds sing.IIO what can ail thee, knight-at-arms,So haggard and so woe-begone?The squirrel's granary is full,And the harvest's done.IIII see a lily on thy browWith anguish moist and fever dew;And on thy cheek a fading roseFast withereth too.IVI met a lady in the meads,Full beautifizl-a faery's child,Her hair was long, her foot was light,And her eyes were wild.VI made a garland for her head,And bracelets too; and fragrant zone;She look'd att me as she did love,60And made sweet moan.VII set, her on my pacing steedAnd nothing else saw all day long,For sideways would she bend, and singA faery's song.VIIShe found me roots of relish sweet,And honey wild and manna dew,And sure in language strange she said,"I love thee true!"VIIIShe took me to her elfin grot,And there she wept and sigh'd full sore;And there I shut her wild, wild eyesWith kisses four.IXAnd there she lulled me asleep,And there I droam'd-Ah! woe betide!The latest dream I ever dream'dOn the cold hill's side.XI saw pale kings and princes too,Pale warriors, death-pale were they all;Who cried-"La Belle Dame sans Merci61Hath thee in thrall!"XII saw their starved lips in the gloamWith horrid warning gaped wide,And I awoke and found me here,On the cold hill's side.XIIAnd this is why I sojourn hereAlone and palely loiteringThrougt the sedge is wither’d from the lakeAnd no birds sing.Percy Bysshe ShelleyPercy Bysshe Shelley was born on 4 August 1792 in Horsham, Sussex,England.
He was the eldest of the seven children of Elizabeth Pilfold and TimothyShelley, a country squire who would become baronet in 1815 on the death of hisfather. Young Percy attended Sion House Academy before entering UniversityCollege, Oxford, in 1804. These years in a conventional institution were not happyones for Shelley, where his idealism and controversial philosophies weredeveloping. At this time he wrote such works as the Gothic Zastrozzi (1810) andThe Necessity of Atheism (1811); “If the knowledge of a God is the mostnecessary, why is it not the most evident and the clearest?”After Shelley’s expulsion from Oxford College for expressing his atheisticviews, and now estranged from his father, he eloped with sixteen-year old HarrietWestbrook (1795-1816) to Scotland. They married on 28 August 1811 and wouldhave two children, daughter Ianthe born in 1813 (d.1876) and son Charles born in1814. Inviting college friend Thomas Hogg into their household, Shelley attempted62an open marriage to the consternation of Harriet, which led to the demise of theirmarriage.
For the next three years Shelley made several trips to London to thebookshop and home of atheist journalist William Godwin, the father of MaryWollstonecraft Godwin (1797-1851). Influenced by William Wordsworth, hecontinued to write poetry including Queen Mab: A Philosophical Poem (1813) andparticipated in various political reform activities. He was also studying the writingsof Godwin’s and embracing his radical philosophy.Percy Shelley’s forays to the Godwin’s also resulted in his acquaintancewith his daughter Mary, who almost immediately proved to be his intellectualequal. The poets’ fondness for each other soon grew and in 1814, Shelley eloped asecond time with Mary and her stepsister Claire in tow, settling in Switzerland.This action drew the disapproval of both their fathers, and they struggled tosupport themselves. The Shelley’s were spending much time with Lord GeorgeGordon Byron who also led a controversial life of romantic entanglements andpolitical activity.
Shelley was passionate about life and very generous to hisfriends, which often caused him financial hardship. They passed their days sailingon the lake and telling each other ghost stories. Mary overheard Percy and Byronspeaking one night of galvanism, which inspired her most famous novelFrankenstein or; The Modern Prometheus (1818) and which Percy wrote theintroduction for.In 1815 the Shelley’s moved back to England and settled near London. Thesame year Percy’s grandfather died leaving him a lucrative sum of £1000 perannum.
The year 1816 was filled with highs and lows for Shelley. His wife Harrietdrowned herself in the Serpentine river in Hyde Park, London and Mary’s halfsister Fanny committed suicide, but son William was born (d.1819) and he andMary wed on 30 December. “Alastor or; The Spirit of Solitude” was published in1816 and their joint effort based on their travels History of Six Weeks Tour waspublished in 1817.In 1818, the Shelley’s moved to Italy and their son Percy Florence was borna year later. Advocates of vegetarianism, the Shelley’s wrote numerous articles63about the subject. Percy was working on his tragedy in five acts The Cenci andmany other works including “Men of England” and his elegy for John Keats“Adonais” (1821).
Mary too was busy writing while they lived in various citiesincluding Pisa and Rome. Shelley continued to venture on sailing trips on hisschooner ‘Don Juan’. It sank on 8 July 1822 in a storm and Shelley drowned, at theage of twenty-nine. His body washed ashore and he was cremated on the beachnear Viareggio. His ashes are buried in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome, Italy.The Shelley Memorial now stands at University College, Oxford, England,in honour of one of their most illustrious alumni. It features a white marble statuedepicting Shelley as he appeared when washed ashore. Mary WollstonecraftShelley, having moved back to London with her son Percy Florence, devoted muchof her time after her husband’s death to compiling and publishing his works. Herfondness and respect for her husband is expressed in her extensive notes andintroductions to his works contained in The Complete Poetical Works of PercyBysshe (1824).Song to the Men of EnglandIMen of England, wherefore ploughFor the lords who lay ye low?Wherefore weave with toil and careThe rich robes your tyrants wear?IIWherefore feed, and clothe, and save,From the cradle to the grave,Those ungrateful drones who wouldDrain your sweat-nay, drink your blood?64IIIWherefore, Bees of England, forgeMany a weapon, chain, and scourge,That these stingless drones may spoilThe forced produce of your toil?IVHave ye leisure, comfort, calm,Shelter, food, love's gentle balm?Or what is it ye buy so dearWith your pain and with your fear?VThe seed ye sow, another reaps;The wealth ye find, another keeps;The robes ye weave, another wears;The arms ye forge, another bears.VISow seed,- but let no tyrant reap;Find wealth,-let no impostor heap;Weave robes,-let not the idle wear;Forge arms,-in your defence to bear.VIIShrink to your cellars, holes, and cells,In halls ye deck another dwells.Why shake the chains ye wrought? 1'v seeThe steel ye tempered glance on ye.65VIIIWith plough and spade, and hoe and loom,Trace your grave, and build your tomb,And weave your winding-sheet, till fairEngland be your sepulchre.Henry Wadsworth LongfellowHenry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882), the most popularAmerican poet of the 19th century, whose works are still cited - orparodied.
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