Т.В. Артеменко, Е.В. Кривощекова, Е.В. Кравченко, Н.Е. Николаева - Reader in Language and Culture (1098538), страница 8
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What is to be done if we don’t want to put up with the reducingliteracy level in the technological age?3. Why struggle with a novel when you can watch a film?Tasks for discussion:1. Is there anything basically wrong with getting informationthrough video, TV or computers? Can they replace books?2. What aspects should the Russian National Project on educationfocus on?42Supplement 1.British and American PoetryChrisopher MarloweChristopher Marlowe was born in Canterbury in 1564, the same year as hisgreat rival William Shakespeare. Though his father was only a shoemaker,Marlowe was educated at King's School and awarded a scholarship to CorpusChristi College, Cambridge.
While at Corpus Christi he studied philosophy,history, and theology.At this point Marlowe disappeared from university, and later speculationwas that he was recruited by the government for espionage work. When hereturned to Cambridge, Marlowe was refused his M.A. degree due to suspectedCatholic sympathies, until the Queen's Privy Council intervened on his behalf.In 1587 Marlowe left Cambridge again, this time for the life of a Londonplaywright. His first major work, Tamburlaine the Great, was performed in thatyear.Christopher Marlowe was a quick-tempered man, quick to anger and quickto make enemies.
He spent two weeks in Newgate Gaol in 1589, charged withmurder, though he was later acquitted. Although suspected of a variety of crimesranging from heresy to homosexuality, it seems clear that Marlowe's unknowngovernment connections kept him out of serious trouble.Marlowe's dramatic career was only to span six short years. In that time hewrote The Jew of Malta, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, The Queen ofCarthage, Edward II, and The Massacre at Paris.
His work ranged from tragedy tohistorical drama, but he also wrote popular poetry such as Hero and Leander, andThe Passionate Shepherd ("Come live with me and be my love; and we shall allthe pleasures prove...").The difficulty in evaluating Marlowe's work is that so few good copies43exist. None of his plays were ever properly published. His great contribution toEnglish theatre must lie in his influential use of blank verse in writing hisdramatic works.
Marlowe was the first to use blank verse in drama, but WilliamShakespeare soon followed his example to great acclaim.Christopher Marlowe's death in 1593 was as shrouded in mystery as his lifewas clouded by controversy. The long-accepted version is that he and a closefriend, one Ingram Frizer, dined in a tavern in Deptford. The two men quarreledover paying the bill, and in the fight that followed, Marlowe grabbed Frizer'sdagger and attacked him from behind.
Frizer managed to wrest the dagger fromMarlowe and stabbed the author fatally in the eye.However, the truth may not be so straightforward. One week before hisdeath, Marlowe's roommate Thomas Kyd, was kidnapped and tortured by theQueen's Privy Council into implicating the author as a heretic and an atheist. Awarrant was issued for his arrest, but death intervened.Who Ever Loved, That Loved Not at First Sight?It lies not in our power to love or hate,For will in us is overruled by fate.When two are stripped, long ere the course begin,We wish that one should love, the other win;And one especially do we affectOf two gold ingots, like in each respect:The reason no man knows, let it suffice,What we behold is censured by our eyes.Where both deliberate, the love is slight:Who ever loved, that loved not at first sight?44The Passionate Shepherd to His LoveCome live with me and be my Love,And we will all the pleasures proveThat hills and valleys, dale and field,And all the craggy mountains yield.There will we sit upon the rocksAnd see the shepherds feed their flocks,By shallow rivers, to whose fallsMelodious birds sing madrigals.There will I make thee beds of rosesAnd a thousand fragrant posies,A cap of flowers, and a kirtleEmbroider'd all with leaves of myrtle.A gown made of the finest wool,Which from our pretty lambs we pull,Fair lined slippers for the cold,With buckles of the purest gold.A belt of straw and ivy budsWith coral clasps and amber studs:And if these pleasures may thee move,Come live with me and be my Love.Thy silver dishes for thy meatAs precious as the gods do eat,Shall on an ivory table be45Prepared each day for thee and me.The shepherd swains shall dance and singFor thy delight each May-morning:If these delights thy mind may move,Then live with me and be my Love.William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare was born to John Shakespeare and mother Mary Ardensome time in late April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon.
There is no record of hisbirth, but his baptism was recorded by the church, thus his birthday is assumed tobe the 23 of April. His father was a prominent and prosperous alderman in thetown of Stratford-upon-Avon, and was later granted a coat of arms by the Collegeof Heralds. All that is known of Shakespeare's youth is that he presumablyattended the Stratford Grammar School, and did not proceed to Oxford orCambridge. The next record we have of him is his marriage to Anne Hathaway in1582.
The next year she bore a daughter for him, Susanna, followed by the twinsJudith and Hamnet two years later.Seven years later Shakespeare is recognized as an actor, poet andplaywright, when a rival playwright, Robert Greene, refers to him as "an upstartcrow" in A Groatsworth of Wit.
A few years later he joined up with one of themost successful acting troupe's in London: The Lord Chamberlain's Men. When, in1599, the troupe lost the lease of the theatre where they performed, (appropriatelycalled The Theatre) they were wealthy enough to build their own theatre across theThames, south of London, which they called "The Globe." The new theatre openedin July of 1599, built from the timbers of The Theatre, with the motto "Totusmundus agit histrionem" (A whole world of players) When James I came to thethrone (1603) the troupe was designated by the new king as the King's Men (or46King's Company).
The Letters Patent of the company specifically chargedShakespeare and eight others "freely to use and exercise the art and faculty ofplaying Comedies, Tragedies, Histories, Inerludes, Morals, Pastorals, stage plays ...as well for recreation of our loving subjects as for our solace and pleasure."Shakespeare entertained the king and the people for another ten years untilJune 19, 1613, when a canon fired from the roof of the theatre for a galaperformance of Henry VIII set fire to the thatch roof and burned the theatre to theground.
The audience ignored the smoke from the roof at first, being to absorbed inthe play, until the flames caught the walls and the fabric of the curtains. Amazinglythere were no casualties, and the next spring the company had the theatre "newbuilded in a far fairer manner than before." Although Shakespeare invested in therebuilding, he retired from the stage to the Great House of New Place in Statfordthat he had purchased in 1597, and some considerable land holdings ,where hecontinued to write until his death in 1616 on the day of his 52nd birthday.1556 - Anne Hathaway is born.1564 - William Shakespeare is born in April (probably the 23rd) inStratford-On-Avon (94 miles from London.)1582 - Marries Anne Hathaway on November 27.1583 - Susanna Shakespeare is born.1585 - The twins Judith and Hamnet Shakespeare are born.1592 - After leaving Stratford for London, William was recognized as asuccessful actor, as well as a leading poet.
He was a member of 'The Chamberlain'sMen'.1596 - Hamnet dies at the age of eleven. Shakespeare becomes a"gentleman" when the College of Heralds grants his father a coat of arms.1597- He bought a large house called "The Great House of New Place".1599 - The 'Globe Theater' is built from the pieces of 'The Theater' in July.1603 - 'The Lord Chamberlain's Men' became 'The King's Men' on May 19.471613 - The 'Globe Theatre' burns during a performance of Henry VII when acanon fired on the roof sets fire to the straw thatch. The theatre is rebuilt, butShakespeare retires.1616 - April 23, in Stratford, on his 52nd birthday he died.Sonnet LXVITired with all these, for restful death I cry,As, to behold desert a beggar born,And needy nothing trimm'd in jollity,And purest faith unhappily forsworn,And gilded honour shamefully misplaced,And maiden virtue rudely strumpeted,And right perfection wrongfully disgraced,And strength by limping sway disabled,And art made tongue-tied by authority,And folly doctor-like controlling skill,And simple truth miscall'd simplicity,Arid captive good attending captain ill:Tired with all these, from these would I be gone,Save that, to die, I leave my love alone.Sonnet LXXIIIThat time of year thou mayst in me beholdWhen yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hangUpon those boughs which shake against the cold,Bare ruin'd choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.In me thou see'st the twilight of such dayAs after sunset fadeth in the west,48Which by and by black night doth take away,Death's second self, that seals up all in rest.In me thou see'st the glowing of such fireThat on the ashes of his youth doth lie,As the death-bed whereon it must expire,Consumed with that which it was nourish’d by.This thou perceivest, which makes thy love, morestrong,To love that well which thou must, leave ore long.Sonnet CXVILet me not to the marriage of true mindsAdmit impediments.
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