О.И. Сафроненко, C.Ю. Резникова - Учебно-методическое пособие - In the Biology Lab (1098528), страница 3
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Compare as a class.A microscope is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to beseen by the naked or unaided eye. The earliest simple microscope was merely a tubewith a plate for the object at one end and, at the other, a 1) _____________ which gave a2) ________ less than ten diameters - ten times the actual size.Many 3) ________ have been made since the Dutch biologist Anton vanLeeuwenhoek of Holland taught himself new methods for grinding and polishing tinylenses of great 4) ________ which gave magnifications up to 270 diameters, the5) _________ known at that time.
These led to discoveries in biology for which he isfamous – discovery of bacteria, yeast* plants, the life in a drop of water, and thecirculation of blood corpuscles* in capillaries.Technical innovations improved microscopes resulting in the ultramicroscopethat could study objects below the wavelength of light and the phase-contrastmicroscope that allowed to study of colorless and transparent biological materials.As a result 6) _____________________ became popular among scientists.The most common type of microscope is the optical microscope. It is an opticalinstrument containing one or more lenses that produce an 7) _________ image of anobject placed in the 8) _______ plane of the lens(es).
Optical microscopes typically use9) ___________ glass to focus light into the eye or another light detector.The invention of electron microscopes allowed scientists view individual cells,even living ones. This kind of microscope depends on 10) ________________ rather thanlight to view an object. Beams of fast-moving electrons are 11) ________ on a cellsample and are absorbed or scattered by the cell’s parts so as to form an image on an12) ____________ photographic plate.
Electron microscopes make it possible to viewobjects as small as the diameter of an atom. There are many electron microscopedesigns: scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, etc.Scanning electron microscope (SEM) looks at the 13) _________ of bulk objectsby 14) ___________ the surface with a fine electron beam and measuring 15) ____________and produces a three dimensional image.16) ________________ electron microscope (TEM) passes electrons completelythrough the sample, analogous to basic optical microscopy.
This requires careful17sample 17)____________________, since electrons are scattered so strongly by mostmaterials.Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) gives 18)_______________________ images ofobjects down to the atomic level. It is the strongest microscope to date.* the naked eye- невооружённый глаз* yeast - дрожжи*blood corpuscles - форменный элемент кровиFocus on language1. Practice the pronunciation of the following terms.
Check their meaning in adictionary.microscope['maɪkrǝskǝυp]microscopy[maɪ'krͻskǝpi]electron[ɪ'lktrͻn]electronic[ɪˏlek'trͻnɪk]surface['sɜ:fɪs]to measure[tǝ 'meʒә]image['ɪmɪdʒ]atom['ætǝm]atomic[ǝ'tͻmɪk]sample['sɑ:mpl]specimen['spesɪmǝn]2. Match the words in A with their definitions in B.AexamplesamplespecimenBa) something such as an object, a fact or a situation that shows, explains orsupports what you sayb) a small amount or example of sth that can be looked at or tried to seewhat it is likec) a small amount of sth that shows what the rest of it is like18DiscussCan you name a tool or a device that was used to make a significantdiscovery in biology:Has it changed since that time?Is it still being used in scientific research or for educational purposes?Get realSearch the Internet to find information about one of the modern devices or toolsused in modern biology.WritingWrite a brief description of this tool/device.
Make sure to include the informationabout its parts and components, operation and application.SpeakingWork as a team. Describe the tool or device from your writing task without namingit. Follow the guidelines below to help your fellow students to make the right guessabout this tool/device.the purpose the tool/device is used forthe way it operates/worksits parts and componentsareas of its applicationExample:This tool/device is extremely important for/when measuring…It‛s very simple in operation… and it consists of…It serves/is used to measure/to analyze/to obtain…19Summarizing1. Read the text below to find the Russian equivalents to the following Englishword combinations.1) major laws of natural science2) to reveal/manifest the essence of various natural phenomena3) theoretical foundations/basis4) thorough knowledge of measuring instruments and their capabilities5) to make observations6) to make corrections7) to obtain/get more accurate results8) to carry out/to perform/to make an experiment9) additional preparation for a lab work outside the classroom10) to complete a laboratory work11) to learn the procedures of the experiment12) to interpret the resultsЛабораторные занятияУсвоить такие естественные науки, как биологию, химию и другие, в которых исследуются важнейшие законы естествознания, раскрывается сущность различных природных явлений, невозможно, изучая только теоретические основы этих наук. Нужно наблюдать многие явления экспериментально, а для этого необходимо владеть экспериментом, уметь проводить его. Такие навыки приобретаются на лабораторных занятиях, практикумах, требующих дополнительной внеаудиторной подготовки к ним.Лабораторные работы и практикумы по зоологии, ботанике, физикохимическим методам в биологии способствуют как практическому освоению 20научно-теоретических основ изучаемых дисциплин, так и овладению техникой эксперимента.При проведении опыта необходимо знать цель работы и правила пользования лабораторным оборудованием,отбирать необходимое оборудование для проведения эксперимента и выполнять измерения, вносить поправки для получения более точных результатов, интерпретировать результаты и делать выводы, соотносить изученный материал и полученные результаты.Лабораторная работа считается выполненной только в том случае, если по ней принят отчет. Чем скорее составлен отчет о выполнении работы, тем меньше будет затрачено труда и времени на ее оформление.Add new vocabulary to your vocabulary notebook.2.
Read the text again and summarize it in English. Make use of the phrases inthe box.Phrases for summarizingThe article discusses / considers…The article informs / presents information about…It is reported /said /stated that…It is pointed out / claimed that…Actually; In fact; In particular; For example; Also; Moreover; etc.In the Realm of Science1. Read and remember the names of the instruments used in biology. Givetheir Russian equivalents.21Balancean instrument for weighing thingsBunsen burneran instrument used in scientific work to produce a hot gas flameBurettea device for measuring out amounts of a liquidColony counteran instrument used to count colonies of bacteria or othermicroorganisms growing on an agar plateCondensera device that cools gas in order to change it into a liquidForcepsan instrument used for picking up and holding small objectsFunnelan instrument used for pouring liquids or powders into a smallopeningGerminatora device for growing seedsGloveboxa sealed container designed to manipulate objects while being in adifferent atmosphere from the object or in a vacuum chamberHomogenizera piece of laboratory equipment used for the homogenization ofvarious types of material, such as tissue, plant, food, soil, andmany othersLaminar flow cabineta carefully enclosed bench for preventing contamination of(laminar flow closet orsemiconductor wafers, biological samples, or any particle sensitivetissue culture hood)deviceMagnifying glassan instrument that makes things look bigger than they really areMicrobiological safetya piece of laboratory equipment that provides a safe working areacabinetfor people handling material potentially contaminated withpathogensOperant conditioninga laboratory apparatus used in the experimental analysis of behaviorchamber (the Skinner box)to study animal behaviorStanda tool for holding a piece of glassware in placeTongsa tool used for picking up and holding thingsVortex mixera simple device used commonly in laboratories to mix small vials ofliquidWire gauzea tool used to spread heat of a burner flame222.
Read and remember the names of the glassware used in laboratories. Givetheir Russian equivalents.Agar platea sterile petri dish used to culture microorganisms or small plantsBeakerа container used for measuring liquidsCruciblea pot used to heat a small amount of a solid substance at a very hightemperatureFlaska bottle for mixing, storing chemicals, measuring precise volumesGlass funnela tool for funneling liquids from one container to another, or for filteringwhen equipped with filter paperGas syringea tool used to measure gaseous products from a reactionGraduated cylindera container for measuring an amount of liquid.Petri disha shallow glass or plastic cylindrical lidded dish that biologists use to culturecellsPicotiter platea flat plate with multiple wells used as small test tubesPipette (dropper)an instrument used to transport a measured volume of liquidTest tubea container used as holder of small amount of solution, small samples or forcontaining small-scale reactionsVacuum flaska container like a bottle with double walls with a vacuum between them,used for keeping liquids hot or coldWash bottlesa container for dispensing small quantities of distilled water.Progress MonitoringYou have worked on the vocabulary on the topic “Laboratory work”.
Tick (V) thepoints you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise.1. laboratory work / procedure / manual / equipment2. to get hands on experience3. to write / submit a laboratory report4. to perform instructions235. scientific instruments and techniques6.
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