Анализ, классификация и прогноз свойств гумусовых кислот (1098260), страница 37
Текст из файла (страница 37)
Dhjj_eypbhggh_ ihe_ ^ey iZju i_j_f_gguo ³ΣCAr – DHK”^ey \u[hjdb ba ij_iZjZlh\ bkihevah\Zgghc \wdki_jbf_glZoihk\yau\ZgbxI:M.Hkh[h ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh mdZaZggZy aZ\bkbfhklv gZ[ex^ZeZkv ^ey\k_o lj_o I:M b ^ey h[hbo lbih\ dhgklZgl – k\yau\Zgby b ^_lhdkbdZpbbGZb[he__ l_kghc hgZ [ueZ ^ey gZb[he__ ]b^jhnh[guo Py b Flt Ihemq_ggu_j_amevlZluohjhrhkh]eZkmxlkyk^ZggufbjZ[hl [Gauthier et al, 1987; Chin et278al, 1997] ]^_ Z\lhjZfb ihdZaZgh gZebqb_ l_kghc dhjj_eypbb f_`^mkh^_j`Zgb_fZjhfZlbq_kdh]hm]e_jh^Z\]mfmkh\uodbkehlZobbokjh^kl\hfdI:MDhjj_eypbhggZy\aZbfhk\yav^\modhk\_gguoihdZaZl_e_cZjhfZlbqghklb]mfmkh\uodbkehl–GKbε* –kdhgklZglZfbk\yau\Zgby3\)OW b $Q [ueZ kms_kl\_ggh keZ[__ q_f ^ey 13K YFJ-^_kdjbilhjZ AgZq_gbydhwnnbpb_glh\dhjj_eypbb^ey3\)OWb$QkhklZ\bebb ^ey GK b ε*, khhl\_lkl\_ggh <k_ aZ\bkbfhklb y\eyxlkyagZqbfufbijbP = 0.95.Dhjj_eypbhggh_ihe_^eyKHK\k_obkke_^h\ZgguoI:MbFw]mfmkh\uodbkehl ijb\_^_gh gZ jbk DZd \b^gh ba ij_^klZ\e_gguo ^Zgguo y\ghcl_g^_gpbb m\_ebq_gby kl_i_gb kjh^kl\Z ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl d I:M ih f_j_\hajZklZgby FF g_ gZ[ex^Zehkv gb ^ey h^gh]h ba lj_o I:M =mfmkh\u_dbkehlukFFgb`_>ZoZjZdl_jbah\Zebkv\_kvfZkeZ[ufkjh^kl\hfdI:MDhk [ ed]KFw>ZJbk 8.2.
Dhjj_eypbhggh_ihe_^eyiZjui_j_f_gguo³Fj-KHK´^eyiheghc \u[hjdb ba ij_iZjZlh\ bkihevah\Zgghc \Flt, | An).wdki_jbf_glZoihk\yau\ZgbxI:M(L Py,>ey hp_gdb mklhcqb\hklb ihemq_gguo dhjj_eypbhgguo \aZbfhk\ya_cf_`^m dhgklZglZfb k\yau\Zgby I:M b jZaebqgufb ^_kdjbilhjZfbZjhfZlbqghklb ∑CAr/∑CAlk, ∑CAr, CAr, GK ε ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl b bo Fw,[ueZ hkms_kl\e_gZ ijhp_^mjZ djhkk-\Zeb^Zpbb WlZ qZklv jZ[hl ih^jh[ghbaeh`_gZ \ khhl\_lkl\mxs_c im[ebdZpbb [Perminova et al, 1999]. ?_ kmlvaZdexqZeZkv \ ke_^mxs_f bkoh^gmx \u[hjdm ij_iZjZlh\ ihegZy – bhoZjZdl_jbah\ZggZy f_lh^hf ki_dljhkdhibb YFJ 13K – ij_iZjZlh\jZa[b\Zeb gZ g_i_j_k_dZxsb_ky ih^fgh`_kl\Z k]jmiibjh\Zggu_ ih279koh^kl\m bklhqgbdZ ijhbkoh`^_gby bbeb njZdpbhggh]h khklZ\Z MdZaZggu_ih^fgh`_kl\Z\dexqZebij_iZjZlh\=NlhjnZ(=DND=DbNDihq\H^gZba\u[hjhd[ueZknhjfbjh\ZgZbaij_iZjZlh\g_\hr_^rbogb\h^ghba ih^fgh`_kl\ =ND ihq\ =D m]ey =ND \h^ b h[hagZq_gZ dZd =NDIhemq_ggu_ aZ\bkbfhklb f_`^m Dhk Py b mdZaZggufb ^_kdjbilhjZfb]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ijb\_^_gu gZ jbk :gZeh]bqgu_ j_amevlZlu [uebihemq_gu^eyFltb$QUΣ &$U&$U+&Σ &$UΣ &$ONε ..=ND=DNDlhjnZ=Dihq\=NDNDihq\=ND+&Jbk 8.3.
AZ\bkbfhklvdhwnnbpb_glZdhjj_eypbboZjZdl_jbamxs_]h \aZbfhk\yav f_`^m Khk ibj_gZ bbkke_^m_fufb ^_kdjbilhjZfb hl khklZ\Z \u[hjdbij_iZjZlh\]mfmkh\uodbkehlDZd \b^gh ba ij_^klZ\e_gguo ^Zgguo gZb[hevr_c mklhcqb\hklvxoZjZdl_jbah\ZeZkv dhjj_eypbhggZy \aZbfhk\yav f_`^m DHK b 13K YFJ^_kdjbilhjZfb &Ar, ∑CAr, ∑CAr/∑CAlk ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl >h\hevgh \ukhdZymklhcqb\hklv gZ[ex^ZeZkv b ^ey khhlghr_gby GK b ε GZb[he__qm\kl\bl_evguf ^_kdjbilhjhf d baf_g_gbx khklZ\Z \u[hjdb ij_iZjZlh\]mfmkh\uodbkehlhdZaZeZkvFjDZd\b^ghbajbkmgdZdhjj_eypbyf_`^mKHKbFjy\ey_lkyagZqbfhclhevdh^ey\u[hjhdbaij_iZjZlh\lhjnyguo=ND=NDb=Dihq\Ijbq_f\^\moi_j\uokemqZyodhjj_eypbyijyfZyZ^ey=D ihq\ – h[jZlgZy Ke_^h\Zl_evgh Fj fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv ^ey ijh]ghaZkjh^kl\Z d I:M lhevdh ^ey ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ZgZeh]bqguo ihijhbkoh`^_gbxbbebnjZdpbhgghfmkhklZ\mIhemq_ggu_ aZ\bkbfhklb bf_xl hq_\b^guc nbabq_kdbc kfukek\b^_l_evkl\my h \_^ms_c jheb ]b^jhnh[guo \aZbfh^_ckl\bc \ ijhp_kkZok\yau\Zgby b ^_lhdkbdZpbb I:M ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb q_f [hevr_kh^_j`Zgb_ ZjhfZlbq_kdbo njZ]f_glh\ l_f \ur_ ]b^jhnh[ghklvfZdjhfhe_dme ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl b \ur_ bo kjh^kl\h d ]b^jhnh[guffhe_dmeZfI:M280.2&ed]ZU .2&ed][&$UΣU FZ>ZJbk 8.4.
Dhjj_eypbhggh_ ihe_ ^ey iZju i_j_f_gguo ³ΣCAr – KHK”Z b “ Fw – KHK´[ ^ey \u[hjdb ba ij_iZjZlh\bkihevah\Zgghc\wdki_jbf_glZoihk\yau\ZgbxZljZabgZGZebqb_ gZb[he__ l_kghc dhjj_eypbb f_`^m DHK b kh^_j`Zgb_fm]e_jh^Z \ khklZ\_ ZjhfZlbq_kdbo njZ]f_glh\ [ueh mklZgh\e_gh b ^eyZljZabgZjbk 8.4)qlhfh`_lljZdlh\ZlvkydZdijhy\e_gb_^_ckl\bykoh^gh]hk I:M f_oZgbafZ k\yau\Zgby – ]b^jhnh[gh]h >ey KHK ZljZabgZ lZd`_gZ[ex^ZeZkv b agZqbfZy ijb J = dhjj_eypbhggZy \aZbfhk\yav k Fw]mfmkh\uodbkehlH^gZdh\hlebqb_hlI:M^eyDHKDZljZabgZdhjj_eypbykkh^_j`Zgb_f ZjhfZlbq_kdbo njZ]f_glh\ hlkmlkl\h\ZeZ Wlb dhgklZglu g_bf_eb agZqbfhc dhjj_eypbb gb k h^gbf ba bgl_]jZevguo ^_kdjbilhjh\khklZ\Z H^gZdh l_kgh dhjj_ebjh\Zeb k kh^_j`Zgb_f gbadhfhe_dmeyjguonjZdpbc<>Z – ij_^_eZijhgbpZ_fhklbde_lhqguof_f[jZg[Del Agnolaet al., 1986]\h[jZap_]mfmkh\uodbkehlU = 0.93).Ihemq_ggu_^Zggu_fh]mlk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zlv h jZaebqbb f_oZgbafh\ k\yau\Zgby b ^_lhdkbdZpbbZljZabgZ]mfmkh\ufbdbkehlZfbDZd [ueh ihdZaZgh \ =eZ\_ \ kemqZ_ ZljZabgZ ^_lhdkbdZpbyh[mkeh\e_gZ klbfmebjmxsbf ^_ckl\b_f ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gZ l_kl-h[t_dlijb\h^ysbf d mkbe_gbx _]h j_abkl_glghklb d obfbq_kdbf klj_kkhjZf>Zggucwnn_dlg_h^ghdjZlghhibku\Zeky\ebl_jZlmj_^ey\ukrbojZkl_gbc[Ojbkl_\Z @ H^gZdh f_oZgbaf _]h ^h kbo ihj g_ yk_g Kms_kl\_gguc281ijh]j_kk \ wlhc h[eZklb fh`_l [ulv ^hklb]gml k ihfhsvx mklZgh\e_gbydhjj_eypbhgguokhhlghr_gbc³kljh_gb_ – ^_lhdkbpbjmxsZykihkh[ghklv´b³kljh_gb_ – nbabheh]bq_kdZyZdlb\ghklv´]mfmkh\uodbkehl>ey hibkZgby dhgdj_lguo lbih\ \aZbfhk\ya_c f_`^m ^_kdjbilhjZfbkhklZ\Z b k\yau\Zxsbfb/^_lhdkbpbjmxsbfb k\hckl\Zfb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlbkihevah\Zebf_lh^uj_]j_kkbhggh]hZgZebaZ8.2 Ijh]ghklbq_kdb_fh^_ebihemq_ggu_f_lh^hffgh`_kl\_gghcj_]j_kkbbH^gh ba hkgh\guo lj_[h\Zgbc dhlhjh_ ij_^ty\ey_l f_lh^ FJ ddZeb[jh\hqghc\u[hjd_bkihevam_fhc^eyjZkq_lZijh]ghklbq_kdhcfh^_eb– wlh kms_kl\_ggh_ ij_\ur_gb_ dhebq_kl\Z ijh]ghabjm_fuo ijbagZdh\ba\_klguo dhgklZgl k\yau\Zgby/^_lhdkbdZpbb gZ^ qbkehf g_aZ\bkbfuoi_j_f_gguo^_kdjbilhjh\khklZ\Z[Geladi and Kowalski, 1986]IjbgbfZy\h\gbfZgb_ jZaf_jghklv fZljbpu bgl_]jZevguo ^_kdjbilhjh\ khklZ\Z \ \b^_dhlhjhcaZibku\Z_lkybgnhjfZpbyhkljh_gbbdZ`^h]hij_iZjZlZ]mfmkh\uodbkehln > 20)hilbfZevguch[t_f\u[hjdb^he`_g[ue[ukhklZ\eylv-60ij_iZjZlh\ H^gZdh \ k\yab k ljm^h_fdhklvx nhjfbjh\Zgby h[rbjguo\u[hjhd ij_iZjZlh\ wlh lj_[h\Zgb_ \_kvfZ keh`gh j_Zebah\Zlv gZijZdlbd_DZ`^ucbaihemq_gguogZfbfZkkb\h\ijh]ghabjm_fuok\hckl\kh^_j`Ze agZq_gbc qlh g_ iha\heyeh m^h\e_l\hjblv knhjfmebjh\Zggh_ \ur_mkeh\b_>ey j_r_gby mdZaZgghc ^be_ffu bkihevah\Zeb \ZjbZgl f_lh^Z FJ kh]jZgbq_gb_fgZdhebq_kl\hqe_gh\\j_]j_kkbbg_[hevr_q_luj_oghijbwlhf ij_^mkfZljb\Zeb ihbkd hilbfZevguo gZ[hjh\ ^_kdjbilhjh\ iml_fi_j_[hjZ >ey wlh]h gZfb [ue j_Zebah\Zg Ze]hjblf FJ Z\lhj – :<Dm^jy\p_\ iha\heyxsbc ijh\h^blv Z\lhfZlbq_kdbc i_j_[hj \k_o\hafh`guo khq_lZgbc ^_kdjbilhjh\ \ lhf qbke_ dhf[bgbjh\Zgguo –ijhba\_^_gbybhlghr_gbybkoh^guo^_kdjbilhjh\kh]jZgbq_gb_fgZqbkehqe_gh\ \ ihebghfZo ^h -o bkoh^guo b dhf[bgbjh\Zgguo ^_kdjbilhjZ>eyjZkq_lh\fh^_e_caZ^Z\ZebihebghfbZevguc\b^mjZ\g_gbyj_]j_kkbb(8.1)y = b0 + b1x1 + b2x2 + ...
+ bnxn]^_y – ijbagZdk\hckl\Zxi – i-c^_kdjbilhj\dZq_kl\_dhlhjh]hfh]ml\uklmiZlv dZd bkoh^gu_ \_ebqbgu lZd b bo dhf[bgZpbb x1x2, x1/x2, x1x22 bl^AgZq_gbydhwnnbpb_glh\bi jZkkqblu\Zebihf_lh^mFGDGZ \uoh^_ fh^_eb hl[bjZeb emqrbo ihebghfh\ DZq_kl\h fh^_e_chp_gb\ZebkihfhsvxiZjZf_ljh\R2 bQ2oZjZdl_jbamxsbokhhl\_lkl\_gghhibkZl_evgmx b ijh]ghklbq_kdmx kihkh[ghklv. R2 ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ^hexh[tykg_gghc^bki_jkbbbjZkkqblu\ZekyljZ^bpbhggh(8.2)R2 = 1 – sr2/st2282]^_sr –hklZlhqgZyg_h[tykg_ggZy\jZfdZo^Zgghcfh^_eb^bki_jkbyZst –h[sZy^bki_jkbyhibku\Z_fh]hk\hckl\ZQ_f [eb`_ r2 d l_f emqr_ fh^_ev hibku\Z_l bf_xsb_ky ^Zggu_ ghfh`_l ijb wlhf iehoh ij_^kdZau\Zlv ^Zggu_ dhlhju_ g_ bkihevah\Zebkvijb __ ihkljh_gbb ?keb jZa^_eblv bf_xsmxky \u[hjdm ij_iZjZlh\ijbagZdbbok\hckl\b^_kdjbilhjugZh[mqZxsmxbdhgljhevgmx\u[hjdblh ^ey oZjZdl_jbklbdb ij_^kdZau\Zxs_c kihkh[ghklb fh`gh jZkkqblZlv 52^ey dhgljhevghc \u[hjdb qlh [m^_l [he__ Z^_d\Zlghc hp_gdhcij_^kdZau\Zxs_ckihkh[ghklb fh^_ebH^gZdh ^Ze_dh g_ \k_]^Z bf__lky \hafh`ghklv \u^_eblv dhgljhevgmx\u[hjdm hkh[_ggh ijb jZ[hl_ k \u[hjdZfb fZeuo h[t_fh\ < lh `_ \j_fyq_f [hevr_ ij_iZjZlh\ bkihevah\Zgh ijb ihkljh_gbb fh^_eb l_f emqr_ __dZq_kl\h Ihwlhfm Zevl_jgZlb\guf f_lh^hf hp_gdb ijh]ghklbq_kdhckihkh[ghklb fh^_e_c y\ey_lky jZkq_l Q2 \ j_amevlZl_ djhkk-\Zeb^Zpbbi_j_dj_klgh]h hp_gb\Zgby [Krzanowski, 1987; Geladi and Kowalsi, 1986a].>eywlhcp_ebjZkkqblu\Zxlfh^_evbkihevamy\_kvgZ[hjij_iZjZlh\AZl_fbkdexqZxl h^bg beb g_kdhevdh ij_iZjZlh\ i_j_kqblu\Zxl fh^_evij_^kdZau\Zxl agZq_gby k\hckl\ ^ey bkdexq_gguo ij_iZjZlh\ b kqblZxl^bki_jkbxf_`^mij_^kdZaZggufbba\_klgufk\hckl\hf>Zggmxijhp_^mjmih\lhjyxlbkdexqZybabkoh^gh]hgZ[hjZke_^mxsbcij_iZjZlIhemq_ggmxlZdbf h[jZahf kj_^gxx g_ij_^kdZaZggmx ^bki_jkbx bkihevamxl ^eyjZkq_lZQ2:(8.3)Q2 = 1 – sp2/st222]^_ sp – kj_^gyy g_ij_^kdZaZggZy ^bki_jkby st – h[sZy ^bki_jkbyhibku\Z_fh]hk\hckl\ZQ_f[eb`_Q2 dl_femqr_fh^_evij_^kdZau\Z_lbf_xsb_ky ^Zggu_ LZdbf h[jZahf Q2 fh`_l kem`blv hp_gdhcijh]ghklbq_kdhckihkh[ghklbfh^_e_cbkihevah\Zlvky^eybohilbfbaZpbbbkjZ\g_gby>eyjZkq_lZfh^_e_cbkihevah\Zeb\_kvgZ[hj^_kdjbilhjh\J_amevlZlujZkq_lZemqrboihebghfh\ihf_lh^mFJijb\_^_gu\lZ[e Ihebghfuk3- qe_gZfb bkoh^gu_ ^_kdjbilhju dZd ijZ\beh ij_^kdZau\Zxl emqr_q_f k ^\mfy dhf[bgbjh\Zggufb ^_kdjbilhjZfb ijhba\_^_gby b hlghr_gbybkoh^guo^_kdjbilhjh\M\_ebq_gb_qbkeZ^_kdjbilhjh\\gZ[hj_ijb\h^bldmemqr_gbxdZq_kl\Zfh^_ebijbwlhffZdkbfZevgu_Q2gZ[ex^Zxlky^eykf_rZggh]hgZ[hjZ^_kdjbilhjh\\k_olj_omjh\g_c22283LZ[ebpZ 8.1GZbemqrb_ijh]ghklbq_kdb_fh^_ebFJklj_fybkoh^gufbiZjZf_ljZfbLhdkbdZglHg(II)IhebghflgKJKP = 13.5 – 6010/Q50 + 5.40×KArO + 0.106×CHO 0.79lgKJKPD KAr – 26.3×C + 0.000140×Q25 0.59R20.890.75= 14.1 – 0.552/E – 20.6×C + 2.77×10 ×Mz0.650.80KOC = 170000 – 10240/CHO – 48100×H +836000×KArDKOC = 0.172 + 1900/Q25 – 2100/Mn +0.345/(H/C)0.850.890.830.85KOC = – 34600 + 579000/(H/C) – 242×Q25 + 71.3×Q75 0.57KOCD = 513 – 1620×KArO + 0.0196×Mz – 134×Mw/Mn 0.900.76lgKJKPBPy:ljZabgQ2–50.94?–wdkp_kk4–d\ZglbebFFJKj_^g__53\Kj_^g__43\Kj_^g__5:ljZabgKj_^g__4:ljZabg Qbkehij_iZjZlh\Jbk 8.5.
AZ\bkbfhklvkj_^gbo52b42mkj_^g_gb_ihiylbfh^_eyfkh kemqZcguf h[jZahf m^Ze_ggufb ij_iZjZlZfb hljZaf_jZ\u[hjdbbkihevah\Zgghc^eyfh^_ebjh\ZgbyKHKDZljZabgZbKocibj_gZBa ijh]ghabjm_fuo k\hckl\ gZb[he__ m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgu_ j_amevlZluihemq_gu^ey.HKb.HKD\k_olj_oI:Mb^ey.HKDZljZabgZBkihevah\Zgb_f_lh^Z FJ iha\hebeh \uy\blv nhjfm aZ\bkbfhklb f_`^m .OCD ZljZabgZ bFF oZjZdl_jbklbdZfb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl M^Zehkv lZd`_ hibkZlvaZ\bkbfhklb KJKPhl^_kdjbilhjh\khklZ\Z:gZebaoZjZdl_jZbaf_g_gby\_ebqbgR2bQ2\aZ\bkbfhklbhljZaf_jZbkoh^ghc \u[hjdb ij_iZjZlh\ iha\hebe h[gZjm`blv bo aZ\ur_gb_ ^eyijh]ghklbq_kdbo fh^_e_c ihkljh_gguo ^ey fZeuo \u[hjhd qlh fh`_l284mdZau\Zlv gZ kemqZcghklv ih^[hjZ ^_kdjbilhjh\ \ lZdbo ihebghfZo >Zggh_ij_^iheh`_gb_ [ueh ijh\_j_gh k ihfhsvx qbke_ggh]h wdki_jbf_glZ iml_fihke_^h\Zl_evgh]hbkdexq_gbyij_iZjZlh\ba\u[hjdbdhlhjh_ijh\h^behkvkemqZcguf h[jZahf J_amevlZlu \ \b^_ aZ\bkbfhklb 52 b 42 hl qbkeZij_iZjZlh\gZijbf_j_.HKDZljZabgZb.HK Pyij_^klZ\e_gugZjbk 8.5.Ba oZjZdl_jZ ihemq_gguo aZ\bkbfhkl_c \b^gh qlh ijb n < 15 agZq_gby2R b 42 gZqbgZxl j_adh \hajZklZlv Wlh iha\hey_l k^_eZlv \u\h^ h lhf qlh^ey ihkljh_gby Z^_d\Zlguo ijh]ghklbq_kdhc fh^_eb gZ hkgh\Zgbb ^ZgguoZgZeh]bqgh]h dZq_kl\Z k bkihevah\Zgb_f Ze]hjblfZ FJ jZaf_j \u[hjdb^he`_g[ulvg_f_g__ij_iZjZlh\8.3 Ijh]ghklbq_kdb_fh^_ebihemq_ggu_f_lh^Zfbfgh]hdhfihg_glgh]hZgZebaZKp_evxkgb`_gbyjZaf_jghklbbkoh^ghcfZljbpu^_kdjbilhjh\khklZ\Z[_a hiZkghklb ihl_jb bgnhjfZlb\guo ijbagZdh\ bkihevah\Zeb f_lh^ufgh]hdhfihg_glgh]h ZgZebaZ – J=D b >FGD Ijbf_g_gb_ mdZaZgguof_lh^h\ d fZkkb\Zf jZaghjh^guo ^Zgguo gZijbf_j dZd \ gZr_f kemqZ_ –ijb bkihevah\Zgbb ^_kdjbilhjh\ khklZ\Z hij_^_ey_fuo jZagufb f_lh^Zfb\dexqZ_l h[yaZl_evgmx ijhp_^mjm bo p_gljbjh\Zgby b fZkrlZ[bjh\Zgby[Klvxi_jb^j 1982]qlhiha\hey_laZf_gblvbkoh^gmxfZljbpm^ZgguogZfZljbpmbo^bki_jkbcKh]eZkgh f_lh^m J=D ihemq_ggmx fZljbpm jZaeZ]Zxl gZ kmffmdhfihg_gl ih ijbgpbim fZdkbfZevgh]h h[tykg_gby ^bki_jkbb bkoh^guo^Zgguo [>m[jh\ b ^j 2000; Geladi and Kowalski, 1986] <u[hj dhfihg_glh[mkeh\e_g ki_pbnbdhc \gmlj_gg_c kljmdlmju fZljbpu ^_kdjbilhjh\ Dij_bfms_kl\Zf ^Zggh]h f_lh^Z hlghkblky ijhklhlZ j_ZebaZpbb \ukhdZykdhjhklv jZkq_lZ bkihevah\Zgb_ bgnhjfZpbb h ki_pbnbd_ fZljbpu^_kdjbilhjh\ \hafh`ghklv ihemq_gby ^hihegbl_evguo k\_^_gbc h[bamqZ_fhc aZ\bkbfhklb kljh_gb_ – k\hckl\h aZ kq_l ZgZebaZ khklZ\Z ]eZ\guodhfihg_glbkl_i_gbbo\ebygbygZijh]ghabjm_fh_k\hckl\hDg_^hklZldZff_lh^Z hlghkblky lh qlh g_ bkihevam_lky bgnhjfZpby h kljmdlmj_ fZljbpuk\hckl\ DZd ke_^kl\b_ \u^_ey_fu_ ]eZ\gu_ dhfihg_glu fh]ml hibku\ZlvnZdlhjug_ihkj_^kl\_gghg_k\yaZggu_kijh]ghabjm_fufk\hckl\hfMdZaZggh]h g_^hklZldZ ebr_g f_lh^ >FGD < hlebqb_ hl J=D hgij_^mkfZljb\Z_l \u[hj ]eZ\guo dhfihg_gl iml_f fbgbfbaZpbbg_h[tykg_gghc ^bki_jkbb g_ lhevdh fZljbpu g_aZ\bkbfuo gh b aZ\bkbfuoi_j_f_gguo [Geladi and Kowalski, 1986; Clementi et al., 1986; Sjöström _tal., 1983] Wlh ih\urZ_l gZ^_`ghklv ihemqZ_fhc ijh]ghklbq_kdhc fh^_ebkgb`Z_l__qm\kl\bl_evghklvdihy\e_gbx\dZeb[jh\hqghc\u[hjd_h[jZapZkjZ\g_gby k g_kdhevdh hlebqgufb k\hckl\Zfb [Lindberg et al, 1983] Djhf_285lh]h ^Zgguc f_lh^ ohjhrh jZ[hlZ_l \ kemqZ_ kbevghc \aZbfhdhjj_eypbb^_kdjbilhjh\[Gh\bdh\bRib]mg 1993]F_lh^lZd`_hlghkbl_evghijhkl\j_ZebaZpbboZjZdl_jbam_lky\ukhdhckdhjhklvxjZkq_lZkhklZ\\u^_ey_fuo]eZ\guodhfihg_glboZjZdl_jbo\ebygbygZijh]ghabjm_fh_k\hckl\hfh`_l^Zlv ^hihegbl_evgmx bgnhjfZpbx h[ bkke_^m_fhc aZ\bkbfhklb kljh_gb_ –k\hckl\h D g_^hklZldZf f_lh^Z dZd \ijhq_f b J=D hlghkblky hlkmlkl\b_\hafh`ghklb \u[hjZ hilbfZevgh]h gZ[hjZ iZjZf_ljh\ b g_h[oh^bfhklv^hklZlhqgh ebg_cgh]h oZjZdl_jZ aZ\bkbfhklb f_`^m k\hckl\Zfb b^_kdjbilhjZfb^eyihemq_gbym^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh]hdZq_kl\Zijh]ghaZ[Geladiand Kowalski, 1986].Kmq_lhfmdZaZgghcki_pbnbdb\^Zevg_cr_cjZ[hl_^eyihemq_gbyijh]ghklbq_kdbofh^_e_cbkihevah\Zebh[Zf_lh^Z>ey jZkq_lZ bkihevah\Zeb iheguc gZ[hj ^_kdjbilhjh\ \dexqZxsbc \k_[y dhf[bgZpbb bkoh^guo ^_kdjbilhjh\ ih i_j\hc b \lhjhc kl_i_gbHilbfZevgh_qbkehdhfihg_glhij_^_eyebf_lh^hfdjhkk-\Zeb^ZpbbLZ[ebpZ 8.2.OZjZdl_jbklbdbijh]ghklbq_kdbofh^_e_cR bQ )jZkkqblZgguof_lh^ZfbJ=Db>FGD2R2Q2R2Q2R2Q2R2Q22DhgklZgluk\yau\ZgbyHgPyFltAnlgKJKPKOC>FGD0.690.90.90.410.270.520.550.09J=D0.620.90.910.40.470.670.780.24DhgklZglu^_lhdkbdZpbbHgPyFltAnDBDlgKJKP lgKJKPKOC>FGD0.370.360.780.480.79–0.49–0.790.57–0.020.63J=D0.120.150.770.600.790.100.020.630.280.73:ljZabg0.780.470.870.73:ljZabg0.720.310.730.45286DZd\b^ghijh]ghklbq_kdZykihkh[ghklvihemq_gguofh^_e_cg_\ukhdZ–agZqbl_evghom`_q_ffh^_e_cFJ>eyh[tykg_gbywlh]hnZdlZijh\h^bebZgZeba ]eZ\guo dhfihg_gl dhlhju_ \u^_eyxlky k ihfhsvx mdZaZgguof_lh^h\ ba bkoh^gh]h ijhkljZgkl\Z ^_kdjbilhjh\ Qbkeh dhfihg_glbkihevam_fuo^eyijh]ghaZihf_lh^mJ=DkhklZ\eyehhl^h>eyf_lh^Z>FGDhghdZdijZ\behg_ij_\urZehI_j\u_ iylv dhfihg_gl gZ dhlhju_ f_lh^ JKP jZaeZ]Z_l fZljbpmbkoh^guo ^_kdjbilhjh\ ^ey \u[hjdb ba ij_iZjZlh\ bkihevah\Zgguo ^eybamq_gby bo \aZbfh^_ckl\by k I:M ijb\_^_gu gZ jbk Z i_j\u_ ^\_dhfihg_glubjbk[lj_lvyq_l\_jlZybiylZydhfihg_gluZ6HULHVNZdlhjgZygZdjmadZ444(0S$0]0Z0S0Z0Q0Q0Z0]&+Q&+2&+2&+2&RFR&$U&22&$U2& 22&+&21+&0]0Z>_kdjbilhj[6HULHVNZdlhjgZygZdjmadZ44(4$0Q0Z0]&+Q&+2&+2&+2&RFR&$U&$U2&22& 2+&2&21+&0Z0Q>_kdjbilhjJbk 8.6.
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