Модуль 5 - Modal Verbs and their equivalents. Многофункциональные глаголы в роли модальных - shall, should, will, would, need, dare (1096809), страница 6
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This person's fingers areprotected by Aerogel Insulation Material created by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.The person cannot even feel the flame!RecyclingTo make all of our newspapers, aluminum cans, plastic bottles and other goods takes lots of energy.Recycling these items — grinding them up and reusing the material again — uses less energy than ittakes to make them from brand new, raw material.So, we must all recycle as much as we can.We can also save energy in our cars and trucks.Make sure the tires are properly inflated.A car that is tuned up, has clean air and oil filters, and is running right will use less gasoline.Don't over-load a car. For every extra 100 pounds, you cut your mileage by one mile per gallon.When your parents buy a new car, tell them to compare the fuel efficiency of different models andbuy a car that gets higher miles per gallon.You can also save energy in your school.Each week you can choose an energy monitor who will make sure energy is being used properly.The energy monitor will turn off the lights during recess and after class.You can make "Turn It Off" signs for hanging above the light switches to remind yourself.You can make sure your classmates recycle all aluminum cans and plastic bottles, and make sure thelibrary is recycling the newspapers and the school is recycling its paper.6.
Hydrogen and Future Energy SourcesAs far as we know, that fossil fuels were formed before and during the time of the dinosaurs – whenplants and animals died. Their decomposed remains gradually changed over the years to form coal,oil and natural gas. Fossil fuels took millions of years to make. We are using up the fuels formedmore than 65 million years ago. They can't be renewed; they can't be made again. We can save fossilfuels by conserving and finding ways to harness energy from seemingly "endless sources," like thesun and the wind.We can't use fossil fuels forever as they are a non-renewable and finite resource. Some peoplesuggest that we should start using hydrogen.Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless gas that accounts for 75 percent of the entire universe's mass.Hydrogen is found on Earth only in combination with other elements such as oxygen, carbon andnitrogen.
To use hydrogen, it must be separated from these other elements.Today, hydrogen is used primarily in ammonia manufacturing, petroleum refining and synthesis ofmethanol. It's also used in NASA's space program as fuel for the space shuttles, and in fuel cells thatprovide heat, electricity and drinking water for astronauts. Fuel cells are devices that directlyconvert hydrogen into electricity. In the future, hydrogen could be used to fuel vehicles (such as theDaimlerChryslerNeCar 4 shown in the picture to the right) and aircraft, and provide power for ourhomes and offices.Hydrogen can be made from molecules called hydrocarbons by applying heat, a process known as"reforming" hydrogen. This process makes hydrogen from natural gas. An electrical current can alsobe used to separate water into its components of oxygen and hydrogen in a process called20electrolysis.
Some algae and bacteria, using sunlight as their energy source, give off hydrogen undercertain conditions.Hydrogen as a fuel is high in energy, yet a machine that burns pure hydrogen produces almost zeropollution. NASA has used liquid hydrogen since the 1970s to propel rockets and now the spaceshuttle into orbit. Hydrogen fuel cells power the shuttle's electrical systems, producing a clean byproduct – pure water, which the crew drinks.You can think of a fuel cell as a battery that is constantly replenished by adding fuel to it – it neverloses its charge.Fuel Cell UsesFuel cells are a promising technology for use as a source of heat and electricity in buildings, and asan electrical power source for vehicles.Auto companies are working on building cars and trucks that use fuel cells.
In a fuel cell vehicle, anelectrochemical device converts hydrogen (stored on board) and oxygen from the air into electricity,to drive an electric motor and power the vehicle.Although these applications would ideally run off pure hydrogen, in the near term they are likely tobe fueled with natural gas, methanol or even gasoline. Reforming these fuels to create hydrogen willallow the use of much of our current energy infrastructure – gas stations, natural gas pipelines, etc. –while fuel cells are phased in.In the future, hydrogen could also join electricity as an important energy carrier. An energy carrierstores, moves and delivers energy in a usable form to consumers.Renewable energy sources, like the sun, can't produce energy all the time.
The sun doesn't alwaysshine. But hydrogen can store this energy until it is needed and can be transported to where it isneeded.Some experts think that hydrogen will form the basic energy infrastructure that will power futuresocieties, replacing today's natural gas, oil, coal, and electricity infrastructures. They see a new"hydrogen economy" to replace our current "fossil fuel-based economy," although that visionprobably won't happen until far in the future.Solar Power SatellitesOne suggestion for energy in the future is to put huge solar power satellites into orbit around theearth. They would collect solar energy from the sun, convert it to electricity and beam it to Earth asmicrowaves or some other form of transmission.
The power would have no greenhouse gasemissions, but microwave beams might affect health adversely. And frequent rocket launches mayharm the upper atmosphere. This idea may not be practical for another century; if at all.The picture on the right is an early and simple drawing of how a space solar power satellite wouldbeam energy to electrical power grid on Earth.Other IdeasSome people have claimed they've invented a machine that will "save the planet." Others areconvinced that there's a vast conspiracy by fossil fuel and / or nuclear power companies to stop suchdevices from getting to the public.Some of these contraptions use theories called "Free Energy," "Over Unity" or "Zero-Point Energy."As a matter of fact, you can find all sorts of information about such devices on the Internet.
Justplug in any of those words.But none of these devices have ever been proven, either theoretically or physically. The "freeenergy" area is filled with con artists selling unintelligible information, often clouded with technicalsounding jargon, and seeking people with money to develop their inventions or ideas.21As the old saying goes, "a fool and his money are soon parted."Most of these devices are perpetual motion machines, which violate known laws of science. Eventhe U.S.
Patent Office will not issue a patent for such devices. With energy and the universe (at leastas we know it today), there's no such thing as a free lunch; or free energy. You can't get energy fromnothing because of the fundamental laws of physics that energy cannot be created or destroyed.What about matter and anti-matter? What about energy that they use on Star Trek and in otherscience fiction stories? The ideas are interesting, but they are still fiction.
Though science fiction hasa basis in some fact. Jules Verne wrote about traveling under the water more than a hundred yearsago, and today we have submarines. He also wrote about going to the moon, and in 1969 humansfirst set foot on our closest neighbor in space.So, while some ideas being used by writers are fiction... there could be some basis in fact. Whoknows, someone might create a mater-antimatter energy system that could revolutionize the way wethink about energy and our universe.Imagination is more important thanknowledge, for knowledge is limited,whereas imagination embraces theentire world – stimulating progress,giving birth to evolution.— Albert EinsteinTo make sure we have plenty of energy in the future, it's up to all of us to use energy wisely.We must all conserve energy and use it efficiently.
It's also up to those who will create the newenergy technologies of the future.All energy sources have an impact on the environment. Concerns about the greenhouse effect andglobal warming, air pollution, and energy security have led to increasing interest and moredevelopment in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, wave power andhydrogen.But we'll need to continue to use fossil fuels and nuclear energy until new, cleaner technologies canreplace them. One of you who is reading this might be another Albert Einstein or Marie Curie andfind a new source of energy. Until then, it's up to all of us.The future is ours, but we need energy to get there.221.adversely2.аffordable3.air pollution4.amount5.appliance6.array7.artificial8.average9.blade10.to blow11.bumper12.by-product13.charge14.coal-burning stove15.colorless16.comeback17.component18.concern19.condition20.connector21.conserve22.conspiracy23.consume24.contraption25.convert26.corn27.current28.current adj29.curve30.deposit31.desert32.development2333.device34.distance35.drawbacks36.efficiency37.electricity38.emergency39.emission40.entire41.environment42.environment.43.erosion44.expensive45.facilities46.flame47.fluid48.fossil49.
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