05 Сослагательное наклонение, условные предложения (1089466), страница 2

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В бессоюзных условных придаточных предложениях порядок слов обратный; сказуемое или часть сказуемого, выраженные глаголами were, had, should, стоят перед подлежащим. Перевод таких предложений следует на­чинать с союза если бы (если) или слов будь, имей.

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Лексика

Запомните следующие сочетания слов:

but for }

if it were not for }

were it not for } — если бы не

if it had not been for }

had it not been for }

Упражнение

Переведите следующие условные предложения. Объясните, почему в них может быть опущен союз:

1. Were one electron removed, a net positive charge would
   be left.

2. Had the degree of evaporation been high, the salinity
   of water would have been rising.

3. But for radioastronomy, we should have never made
   the remarkable discoveries in the Universe.

4. There would be no increase in current at all, were it
   not for a small effect of voltage.

4. Повторение условных предложений

Упражнение

Переведите следующие предложения в зависимости от формы сказуемого в главном и придаточном предложениях:

1. Should it be desirable to divide the powder of two
   substances, several ways are possible.

2. It would be worth while investigating the substance
   mentioned, provided we could get it in sufficient quantity.

3. Should your work meet these conditions, it will be of
   great service to our industry.

4. Unless the cathode С is water cooled, it will overheat
   and emit gases.

5. Had it not been for a large size of this body, we should
   have already weighed it on our pan.

6. If a compass needle were sensitive enough, it would
   swing back and forth as the waves went on.

5* 131

1. But for space meteorological stations we would not be
   able to observe the formation of hurricanes.

2. Provided one knows the rate of the emission, one can
   determine the range of the particles.

3. If the results of their molecular weight determination
   had been accredited, the concept of giant molecular structures
   might have been established long before the 1930 s.

1. On Venus were it not for the horrid humid climate,
   we should probably feel quite at home.

2. If atomic nuclei contain electrons, their charges should
   be always whole multiples of the electronic charge.

3. Had this warning been heeded, the reaction might
   have taken quite a different turn.

4. Providing that a profound change were to occur, slip
   ought to take place along the direction of maximum stress.

5. When an object is dropped it seems to go faster at
   least if it be large and massive.

6. If the neutron and proton had the same mass, and
   if the Coulomb energy were completely negligible, there
   should be a definite correlation between the energy levels
   of isobars.

7. The increase in mass is so small that the whole
   phenomenon might be regarded as trivial were it not for the
   attention that had been directed to the very large amounts
   of energy that could be made available if mass were converted
   into energy on any appreciable scale.

8. If two hydrogen atoms were to collide each should
   seek an additional electron.

5. Анализ условных предложений

с точки зрения употребления в них

форм сослагательного наклонения

Упражнения

.

I

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на форму be:

1. If concentrated sulphuric acid be mixed with hydrogen at low temperature to prevent heating, oxygen rich in ozone is evolved.

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2. If the force x be increased by the factor z all the
velocities will be increased.

II

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на упот­ребление глагола should:

3. Should the content of this volume prove of any assistance
to the students, the author will feel amply rewarded.

1. If one is interested in further details, one of the
   numerous texts in the bibliography should be consulted.

2. If all the people of the world should count the atoms
   in a drop of water, they would not be able to finish their
   work even in ten thousand years.

III

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на пред­лог but for и на случаи отсутствия союза:

1. But for the luminosity of this substance it would be
   difficult to detect its properties.

2. There would be no increase in current, were it not for
   a small effect of voltage upon the evaporation rate.

3. The hydrocarbon particles would have coalesced had
   it not been for a layer of non-rubber constituents.

IV

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на фун­кцию глагола were:

9. If every star in the sky were to shine with the same

degree of brightness, the distance to any star could readily
be estimated.

10. The whole phenomenon might be regarded as trivial
were it not for the large amount of energy that could be

made available if mass were converted into energy on any appreciable scale.

11. If high energy X- or gamma-radiation were to be
measured, a measurement would have to be made of the
total dose produced by the secondary electron.

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6. Употребление и перевод глагола should

1. Should употребляется для образования глагольного
времени Future in the Past (с 1-м лицом):

We decided that we should meet in February. Мы решили, что встретился в феврале.

2. В условных предложениях (с 1-м лицом):
If it were my book, I should give it to you.

Если бы это была моя книга, я бы дала ее вам.

I should have done this work, in case I had been informed before.

Я бы выполнила эту работу, если бы я узнала об этом заранее.

3. В придаточных предложениях после безличных
предложений типа it is necessary.

It is important that you should do the work yourself. Важно, чтобы вы сделали эту работу сами.

4. В придаточных предложениях цели после союзов
that — чтобы и lest — чтобы., не, otherwise — иначе бы...:

Не helped me greatly otherwise I should not be able to carry out my work.

Oн очень помог мне, иначе я бы не смог выполнить эту работу.

5. В бессоюзных условных предложениях:

Should the letter be brought in the morning, put it on my desk please.

Если письмо принесут утром, пожалуйста, положите его мне на стол.

6. Should в качестве модального глагола со значением
долженствования.

One should be careful when crossing the street.

Надо быть очень внимательным при переходе улицы.

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Упражнение Переведите следующие предложения:

1. The substance under investigation should be examined
   both by chemical and physical means.

2. Why should metals, even in the solid state, be excellent
   conductors of electricity, whereas salts ordinarily need to be
   melted before they conduct?

3. One should keep in mind that the accuracy of Ohm's
   law fails for certain solutions when alternating currents of
   very high frequency are employed.

4. Should the uniform change in volume continue during
   the cooling of a gas to very low temperatures, the gas sample
   would have no volume at — 273°.

5. "If the beam of ray in the cathode ray tube is influenced
   by a magnet, why should it not be influenced also by an
   electrostatic field?" — thought Thomson.

6. In order that this relation should be valid two conditions
   must be observed.

1. It was already indicated that we should stop further
   discussion of the physical character of atoms and turn for
   the moment to another angle of the question of atomic
   structure.

2. In order that the number of ions in the stream should
   not fall off as the pressure is reduced, the ions were generated
   by the action of ultraviolet light on a metal plate.

3. It is of interest to inquire whether a radioactive charge
   should be classed as chemical in character or not.

1. Should the anode grow too hot you must decrease
   the power of the transmitter.

2. The same mechanism should be invoked to interpret
   the data of Fig. 1 as well.

3. To obtain high current densities in a spot, the spot
   should be at high potential.

7. Употребление и перевод глагола would

1. Would употребляется для образования глагольного времени Future in the Past (с 2-м и 3-м лицами):

Не said he would help us.

Он сказал, что поможет нам

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2. В условных предложениях (с 2-м и 3-м лицами):
Не would have helped me last week, if he had been in

the town.

Он бы помог мне на прошлой неделе, если бы он был в городе.

3. Would со всеми лицами употребляется для выра­
жения повторного действия в прошлом. При переводе
при этом добавляются слова обычно, часто, бывало:

She would sit at the window for hours. Она бывало часами сидела у окна.

4. Would со всеми лицами выражает желание (или
нежелание) совершить действие:

The doctor insisted that he give up smoking but he would not.

Врач настаивал на том, чтобы он бросил курить, но он не хотел.

5. Would употребляется при вежливом обращении:
Would you kindly help me.

Будьте любезны, помогите, пожалуйста.

Упражнение Переведите следующие предложения:

1. The question is whether a similarly high ion density
   would have existed on the axis when the pencil beam is
   switched off.

2. The value of the surface energy would therefore be
   expected to depend on crack velocity.

3. If the entire Earth were covered by ocean, high and
   low tides would follow one another at regular intervals in
   response to the rotation of the Earth and the revolution of
   the Moon.

4. The kinetic theory and the corresponding molecular
   theory of liquids and gases have been of great service in
   helping to form mental pictures of many processes which
   would be otherwise too difficult to understand.

5. The average depth of the ocean is approximately 13000

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feet. This figure seems large, but if we were to build a scale model with the Earth as a ball 100 feet in diameter, this ocean would be less than half an inch deep.

6. For example, if the magnitude and phase of the negative resistance generator input impedance were largely dependent on transistor transconductance, the conversion of low-frequency noise variation in transconductance to signal amplitude and phase modulation in the Q — multiplied resonator would result in unacceptable performance.

8. Повторение употребления глаголов should и would

Упражнение

Переведите следующие предложения, объясняя употребление и значение глаголов should и would:

1. It is essential you should know that this solution fumes
   slightly in air.

2. It should be emphasized that amorphous sulphur does
   not crystallize at all.

3. One should always dilute sulphuric acid by pouring it
   into a large excess of water.

4. The preparation of highly purified tellurium requires
   that more time and labour should be spent than is the case
   with sulphur and selenium.

5. From the requirements of the theory of Bohr it is to
   be anticipated that the theory would be more accurate the
   higher the speed of the particle.

6. If the entire Earth were covered by ocean, high and
   low tides would follow one another at regular intervals in
   response to the rotation of the Earth and the revolution of
   the Moon.

1. Formerly weather forecasts would base almost
   exclusively on data secured from the air close to the Earth.

2. In the absence of dust the air would become
   supersaturated with water and clouds and rain would be
   unlikely to form.

3. It is natural that aluminium should receive a great
   amount of attention from research workers with a view to
   improving the mechanical properties of the metal.

10. The kinetic theory and the corresponding molecular

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theory of liquids and gases have been of great service in helping to form mental pictures of many processes which would be otherwise too difficult to understand.

9. Употребление и перевод глаголов may (might), can (could), ought, must, need

Характеристики

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