2003 Лекции по философии, страница 6

=hj]bc±^hgwh[jZsZ_ll_abkIjhlZ]hjZ ©<kz bklbgghª^_ckl\bl_evgh_kebihex[hfm\hijhkmkms_kl\mxl^\Zijhlb\hj_qb\uokm`^_gbylhh[Zhgbeb[hbklbggueb[heh`guLZdfukebl_evijboh^bldZ]ghklbpbafm±g_ihagZ\Z_fhklbfbjZ<jZ[hl_©Hg_kms_fªhgijb\h^blljbkm`^_gbyijhlb\[ulby: [ulb_g_kms_kl\m_lihkdhevdmhghbg__^bgh_bg_fgh]h_bihdhblkyb^\b`_lky^Z`__keb[ulb_kms_kl\m_lhghg_ihagZ\Z_fh[ulb_bfure_gb_g_lh`^_kl\_ggu\_^vfh`ghfukeblvlZdb_g_kms_kl\mxsb_h[t_dludZd[ebdbgZ\h^_^Z`_ _keb [ulb_ [ueh [u ihagZ19\Z_fh hgh g_\ujZabfh \_^v keh\h ± ijh^mdl q_eh\_q_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb ± g_ fh`_l i_j_^Zlvlhqlhg_y\ey_lkykeh\hfKeh\hg_y\ey_lky[ulb_fihkdhevdmhgh[uehkha^Zghq_eh\_dhf bgZq_ g_ \hagbdeh [u kblmZpbc ijb dhlhjuo h^gh keh\h h[hagZqZ_l g_kdhevdhij_^f_lh\bebg_kdhevdhkeh\h[hagZqZxlh^bgblhl`_ij_^f_l:jZakeh\hg_y\ey_lky[ulb_flhhghg_fh`_li_j_^Zlvbklbggh]hagZgbyhij_^f_l_ihwlhfmbklbggh_agZgb_hij_^f_l_\hh[s_g_kms_kl\m_l_kebhghb_klvlhgbdlhg_kfh`_l_]h\ujZablvi_j_^Zlv^jm]bfBlZdbklbgZg_kms_kl\m_l ihwlhfm \ wlbq_kdbo \hijhkZo fh`ghebrvihevah\Zlvkyg_dhlhjufb iheh`_gbyfb dhlhju_ dZ`mlky \_jgufb =hj]bc nhjfmebjm_l lZdb_ iheh`_gby Z lZd`_ ml\_j`^Z_l qlh keh\h ij_^gZagZq_gh bf_ggh ^ey lh]h qlh[u \gmrZlv ex^yfdZdb_eb[h\hafh`ghg_\_jgu_fukebHgi_j\ufbakhnbklh\Zdlb\ghaZgbfZ_lkyjZa\blb_fbkdmkkl\ZjblhjbdbBlh]bIhqlb\k_blh]bm`_[uebknhjfmebjh\Zgu\©H[sboaZf_qZgbyoªdjZldhih\lhjyybogm`ghkdZaZlvqlhbf_gghkhnbklui_j_g_kebhkgh\ghch[t_dlnbehkhnkdbobkke_^h\Zgbckijbjh^ugZq_eh\_dZghaZkqzlki_pbnbdbk\h_c^_yl_evghklb[ukljhijbrebdkd_ilbpbafmbZ]ghklbpbafmWlh\ijhq_fg_iha\hey_lg_kqblZlvkhnbklh\nbehkhnZfb<_^vkd_ilbpbaf±lh`_nbehkhnkdh_l_q_gb_klhev`_ijhlb\hj_qb\h_dZdb\k_hklZevgu_Hkh[_gghklbihabpbbDbk_ez\ZDbk_ez\ kqblZ_l iheh`_gb_ ©Q_eh\_d ± f_jZ \k_o \_s_cªgZklhevdh\Z`gufqlhkhnbklZfg_kebrdhfkbevgh^hklZzlkyaZkd_ilbpbafbZ]ghklbpbafOhlydhg_qgh_szjZajZatykgy_lkyq_flZdiehokd_ilbpbafhljbpZykZfhkms_kl\h\Zgb_nbehkhnbbhghljbpZ_lbk_[ydZdh^ghbanbehkhnkdbol_q_gbcGh\hh[s_]h\hjy\wlhfg_l[hevrh]hdjbfbgZeZ\k_nbehkhnkdb_mq_gbykh^_j`Zll_bebbgu_ijhlb\hj_qbylh_klvbjjZpbhgZevgu_fhf_gluhljbpZxsb_jZpbhgZevghklvnbehkhnbbKhdjZl;bh]jZnby.

KhdjZl ± ^h g w jh^beky \ :nbgZo ]^_ b ijh`be \kx `bagvijbgpbibZevghg_ibkZedgb]jZkijhkljZgyyk\hzmq_gb_bkdexqbl_evghmklgh±h[uqgh\nhjf_^bZeh]ZBf_eg_fZehmq_gbdh\ghg_kha^Zekh[kl\_ggh]hh[jZah\Zl_evgh]hmqj_`^_gbyihwlhcijbqbg_h[uqghg_]h\hjylhrdhe_KhdjZlZZ\u^_eyxljy^khdjZlbq_kdbordhe h[jZah\Zgguo mq_gbdZfb KhdjZlZ kf dhlhju_ \hh[s_ ]h\hjy kbevgh\b^hbaf_gbebdhgp_ipbxmqbl_eyFumagZzfh[ mq_gbbKhdjZlZba^\mobklhqgbdh\k\b^_l_evkl\mq_gbdh\bkh\j_f_ggbdh\beb^bZeh]h\IeZlhgZ<h[hbokemqZyobf_xlkyhij_^_ezggu_ijh[e_fumq_gbdb©Z^Zilbjh\Zebªmq_gb_KhdjZlZih^kh[kl\_ggu_\haaj_gbyZKhdjZlnb]mjbjmxsbc\ieZlhgh\kdbo^bZeh]Zo±wlhkdhj__ebl_jZlmjguci_jkhgZ`g_`_eb kZfhklhyl_evguc nbehkhn IeZlhg bkihevam_l KhdjZlZ ^ey \ujZ`_gby kh[kl\_gguofuke_cihwlhfmqZklvb^_cIeZlhgZqZklhijbibku\ZxlKhdjZlmL_fg_f_g__fh`gh^hklZlhqghgZ^z`gh\u^_eblv^\_gh\Zpbb\nbehkhnbbdhlhju_k\yaZgubf_gghkKhdjZlhfwlh \hi_j\uo gh\uc f_lh^ ihagZgby b \h\lhjuo ± i_j\h_ iheghp_ggh_ wlbq_kdh_ mq_gb_@bagv KhdjZlZ aZdhgqbeZkv ljZ]bq_kdb km^ :nbg h[\bgbe _]h \ [h]homevkl\_ b jZkle_gbbfheh^z`bgZkm^_[ghfijhp_kk_nbehkhnmg_ m^Zehkv^hdZaZlvk\hxijZ\hlmbhg[ueijb]h\hjzgdkf_jlb<ghqvi_j_^dZagvxmq_gbdbKhdjZlZih^]hlh\bebih[_]ghfukebl_evij_^ihqzeqZrmkpbdmlhcgZjmr_gbxaZdhgh\ihebkZIha^g__kf_jlvKhdjZlZ\uau\ZeZ fgh]h djb\hlhedh\ Z fgh]b_ nbehkhnu bgl_jij_lbjh\Zeb _z kZfuf ijbqm^eb\ufh[jZahfgZijbf_jGbpr_±kfF_lh^ihagZgbyKhdjZl\u^_eye^\Zhkgh\guowlZiZk\h_]hf_lh^ZbjhgbxbfZ_\lbdmh[Zy\eyxlkyqZklyfbagZf_gblh]hkhdjZlh\kdh]h^bZeh]Z±bf_ggh\wlhcnhjf_nbehkhniulZeky^hklbqvb\ujZablvbklbggh_agZgb_<ijhp_kk_bjhgbbfukebl_evkijZrb\Zekh[_k_^gbdZ h kh^_j`Zgbb dZdh]heb[h ihgylby gZijbf_j qlh lZdh_ ij_djZkgh_" Kh[_k_^gbd ^Zzl g_dbc hl\_l gZijbf_j ij_djZkgh_ ± wlh lh qlh ohjhrh ih^oh^bl ^ey ex[h]h20kemqZyLh]^ZKhdjZlijb\h^blijbf_jg_©mdeZ^u\Zxsbckyª\wlhhij_^_e_gb_gZijbf_johjhrbcsblij_djZk_g^eyaZsblugh[_kihe_a_g^eyf_lZgby^eyf_lZgby`_ij_djZkghdhivz[_kihe_agh_^eyaZsbluhl[ebadh]h\jZ]ZKh[_k_^gbdkh\_jr_gkl\m_lk\hzhij_^_e_gb_ZKhdjZlijb\h^blgh\uchijh\_j]Zxsbcijbf_jlh_klvbkihevam_lf_lh^ukhnbklh\klj_fykvlZdbebbgZq_hijh\_j]gmlvkh[_k_^gbdZGhgZdhg_p\hagbdZ_lkh\_jr_gghj_ahgguc\hijhk©:dZd`_ijZ\bevgh"ª\hl\_lKhdjZlg_\ukdZau\Z_ldZdkhnbklukh[kl\_ggmx lhqdm aj_gby gh ]h\hjbl ebrv h^gh ©Y agZx qlh y gbq_]h g_ agZx Z ^jm]b_ bwlh]hg_agZxlªNbehkhnkjZ\gb\Z_lk\hzbkdmkkl\hkZdmr_jkl\hfhgg_kha^Zzlgbq_]hkZfghebrvihfh]Z_lkh[_k_^gbdm©jh^blvªfukevfZ_\lbdZih]j_q_kdb±ih\b\Zevgh_bkdmkkl\hg_khh[sZ_lbklbgughihfh]Z_l^jm]bfkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zlvk\hbagZgbyijb[eb`Zykvdbklbg_LZdhcih^oh^ihoh`gZbg^mdlb\gucij_^iheZ]Zxsbci_j_oh^hlqZklgh]hdh[s_fmh^gZdhnbehkhng_^Zzll_hj_lbq_kdh]hkh^_j`Zgbyihgylbybg^mdpbb[he__lh]hhij_^_e_gb_mg_]h\hagbdZ_lg_dZdh[h[s_gb_qZklguokemqZ_\gh\j_amevlZl_dhjj_dlbjh\dbg_dh]hbkoh^gh]hhij_^_e_gbyih^qZklgu_kemqZbDhjhq_]h\hjywlhkh\k_fg_bg^mdpbyZ\_kvfZki_pbnbq_kdbcf_lh^ihemqb\rbcgZa\Zgb_khdjZlbq_kdh]h.WlbdZHkgh\hc wlbdb KhdjZlZ y\ey_lky ijbgpbi jZamfghklb lh _klv iheh`_gb_ ih\_^_gb_^he`gh[ulvjZamfghGhnbehkhn^Zzlbg_kdhevdh[he__ih^jh[gmxdZjlbgmjZkdju\Zxsmx jy^ ^_lZe_c kmsghklv q_eh\_dZ – ^mrZ ihgbfZ_fZy dZd jZamf b gjZ\kl\_gghhjb_glbjh\Zggh_ih\_^_gb_l_eh±ebrvbgkljmf_glih^qbgzgguc^mr_>h[jh^_l_ev±lhqlh ^_eZ_l ^mrm [eZ]hc b kh\_jr_gghc kZfhh[eZ^Zgb_ ± \eZklv jZamfgh]h gZ^ `b\hlgufkqZklv_±\gmlj_ggyy]Zjfhgby^mrbb^h[jh^_l_evLZdbfh[jZahfimlvdkqZklvx±jZamfgh_agZgb_dhlhjh_ihfh`_l\kh\_jr_gbb^h[jh^_l_ebKhdjZlkqblZ_lqlhagZgb_lh`^_kl\_gghl\hj_gbx[eZ]Zlh_klv\k_iehob_ihklmidbkh\_jrZxlkybkdexqbl_evghihg_agZgbxZ\kemqZ_agZgbyq_eh\_d\k_]^Z^_eZ_l^h[jhlZdiheghklvxhljbpZ_lky\ebygb_\hebq_eh\_dZgZ_]hih\_^_gb_±^hklZlhqghgZb\gh\hh[s_]h\hjy;h]ihfg_gbxKhdjZlZ±g_qlh^hklb]r__ihegh]hkZfhh[eZ^ZgbyjZamfihgbfZxsbc\kz[_abkdexq_gbyhgg_gm`^Z_lkygb\dhfbgb\qzffm^j_p±lhldlhklj_fblkydlhfm`_ khklhygbxDjhf_wlh]hnbehkhn mihfbgZ_l g_dh]h ©^ZcfhgZª wlh kms_kl\h dhlhjh_ ij_^hkl_j_]Z_l q_eh\_dZ hl g_ijZ\bevguo Z agZqbl g_jZamfguo ihklmidh\ gh g_khh[sZ_ldZd`_gZ^hihklmiZlvqlhbklbgghIhke_kf_jlbl_eZ^mrZ[m^_leb[h\hagZ]jZ`^_gZeb[hih]b[g_l\f_kl_kl_ehfh^gZdhq_eh\_dgbdZdg_fh`_lih\ebylvgZbkoh^ihwlhfmklj_fblvkydkqZklvxbl\hjblv^h[jhgm`ghk_cqZk\h\j_fy`bagbg_jZkkqblu\Zy gZ dZdh_eb[h ijh^he`_gb_ k\h_]h kms_kl\h\Zgby LZdbf h[jZahf dZ`^uc q_eh\_d ±ah^qbck\h_]hkqZklvy_]haZ^ZqZ± ihklmiZlv ih bklbg_ _^bgkl\_ggZy kbeZ kihkh[gZy ihfhqv\wlhf±jZamfQ_eh\_d^he`_g]hj^blvkyk\hbfjZamfhfZg_o\ZklZlvkynbabq_kdhckbehc \_^v \kydh_ gZkbeb_ ± [_amkeh\gh_ aeh Bf_ggh ihwlhfm KhdjZl ^h ihke_^g_]h keh\_kghaZsbsZ_lk_[ygZkm^_ghhldZau\Z_lky[_`Zlvih[_]±gZkbeb_gZ^aZdhghfBlh]b>\Zhkgh\guo^hklb`_gbyKhdjZlZ m`_[ueb mdZaZgu\gZqZe_iZjZ]jZnZ\kzgh\Zlhjkl\h f_lh^Z ihagZgby klZgh\blky ykgh ^Z`_ ba kZfh]h ih\_joghklgh]h kjZ\g_gby kij_^r_kl\mxsbfbf_lh^Zfb<i_j\u_ml\_j`^Z_lkyqlhbklbgZ[_amkeh\gh_klvghhgZg_ijboh^blgbddhfmkjZamk_klvih^heb\dh\h_^_j_\hbgZqZlv^mfZlvy\ghg_^hklZlhqgh-;ihagZgb_±keh`gucijhp_kkZbklbgZjZkdju\Z_lkylhevdhf_lh^hfijh[bhrb[hdWlbdZKhdjZlZ±i_j\h_aZdhgq_ggh_beh]bqgh_wlbq_kdh_mq_gb_dhlhjh_h^gZdh\kz`_ebr_gh^he`ghchglheh]bq_kdhchkgh\uKh\_jr_gghg_ykgZhglheh]bq_kdZyijbjh^Z^mrbbl_eZ\ qZklghklb ba\_klgh qlh ^Ze_dh g_ \k_ ex^b Z^_d\Zlgh j_Z]bjh\Zeb gZ keh\Z KhdjZlZ \h\j_fy^bZeh]Zg_dhlhju_ijhdebgZebnbehkhnZmagZ\qlhhgkZf©gbq_]hg_agZ_lª<wlhck\yabhklZzlkyg_ihgylguf\k_ebex^bkihkh[gu©jh^blvfukevª"Beb^eyg_dhlhjuog_ih^oh^blf_lh^KhdjZlZ"Ghfukebl_evkm^yih\k_fmhglheh]b_c\hh[s_g_aZgbfZekyblZdhc ih^oh^ \iheg_ jZamf_g i_j_^ \uykg_gb_f kljmdlmju [ulby g_\j_^gh jZah[jZlvky kf_lh^hf bkke_^h\Zgby ^Z[u g_ ihclb \ eh`ghf gZijZ\e_gbb k kZfh]h gZqZeZ : jZajZ[h21lZlvbkihevamyjZ[hlZxsbcf_lh^kh[kl\_gghhglheh]bq_kdmxdhgp_ipbx m`_agZqbl_evghijhs_bf_gghwlbf\hkihevah\Zekyh^bgbamq_gbdh\KhdjZlZ±IeZlhgkfHkh[_gghklbihabpbbDbk_ez\Z?kl_kl\_gghKhdjZlm^Zzlkyiheh`bl_evgZyhp_gdZkq_f\hh[s_]h\hjy\jy^ebklhblkihjblvIjZ\^ZDbk_ez\ijbibku\Z_lnbehkhnmjy^hldjulbcdhlhjuoKhdjZlkdhj__\k_]hg_^_eZe< qZklghklb ml\_j`^Z_lky qlhbf_gghKhdjZl\i_j\u_h[gZjm`beeh]bq_kdbc djm] qZklgh]h b h[s_]h ^ey h[s_]h hij_^_e_gby lj_[m_lkyh[h[s_gb_qZklgh]hgh^ey\u^_e_gbyqZklguo^Zggh]hhij_^_ey_fh]h\b^Zlj_[m_lky h[s__ hij_^_e_gb_ Dgb]b h ih^h[guo km`^_gbyo KhdjZlZ g_ khh[sZxl fukebl_ev^_ckl\bl_evgh \ur_e gZ ih^h[gmx ijh[e_fZlbdm gh hgZ _]h g_ kebrdhf \hegh\ZeZ ± ]_jf_g_\lbdZ\kh\j_f_gghfihgbfZgbbwlh]hkeh\Zihy\beZkv\kz`_ebrv\^\Z^pZlhfklhe_lbbkf<lhjhcfhf_glk\yaZgkml\_j`^_gb_fkmsghklv\k_o\_s_cgZoh^blky\q_eh\_d_KhdjZl_]h_kl_kl\_gghg_hljbpZeb[he__lh]hZdlb\ghbkihevah\Ze±wlhb_klvhglheh]bq_kdh_h[hkgh\Zgb_ijbgpbih\bjhgbbbfZ_\lbdbH^gZdhkZfnbehkhnhglheh]b_cg_aZgbfZekyZihlhfmke_^mxsbc\hijhk±hldm^Z\q_eh\_d_[_jzlkykmsghklv\k_o\_s_c"±hgi_j_^kh[hcijhklhg_klZ\be>Zb\jy^ebfh]k^_eZlvwlhkhojZgyy^bZeh]h\mxnhjfmjZa\blbynbehkhnbbdZdb_dhgljZj]mf_glufh`ghbkihevah\Zlv\lZdhc[_k_^__kebkZfZq_eh\_q_kdZykmsghklv]em[hdhkm[t_dlb\gZbg_h^bgZdh\ZmjZaguoex^_cKhdjZlbq_kdb_rdheuDbgbdb RdheZ dbgbdh\ [ueZ hkgh\ZgZ :glbkn_ghf ± ^h g w ± mq_gbdhf=hj]bykfZiha^g__KhdjZlZ±\]bfgZabbDbghkZj]hldm^ZbihrehgZa\Zgb_l_fg_ f_g__ keh\h ©dbgbdª kha\mqgh k ]j_q_kdbf keh\hf ©kh[ZdZª ihwlhfm ij_^klZ\bl_e_cwlh]hgZijZ\e_gbyqZklhgZau\Zebkh[ZdZfb±[eZ]hboh[jZa`bagb[ue^_ckl\bl_evgh[ebahdda\_jbghfmHkgh\hcdbgbq_kdh]hmq_gbyklZebmgZke_^h\Zggu_hlKhdjZlZb^_bkZfhh[eZ^Zgbyb kbeu^moZ ^jm]b_ iheh`_gby dhgp_ipbb KhdjZlZ [ueb ijb wlhf kbevgh baf_g_gu Z ihjhc b bkdZ`_gu ^h g_magZ\Z_fhklb :glbkn_g iheZ]Ze qlh lhevdh qm\kl\_ggh_ihagZgb_bklbgghZaZ^ZqZjZamfZ±^Zlvbf_gZgZ[ex^Z_fuf\_sZfBf_gghihwlhfm dbgbdbhljbpZebh[sb_ihgylbyml\_j`^Zyg_evaykdZaZlvqlh©q_eh\_d^h[jª\_^v©q_eh\_d_klv q_eh\_dª Z ^h[jhlm gZ[ex^Zlv g_\hafh`gh Wlbq_kdb_ ijbgpbiu hkgh\Zgu gZ ml\_j`^_gbb kZfhh[eZ^Zgby _keb KhdjZl g_ oZjZdl_jbah\Ze m^h\hevkl\b_ dZd [eZ]h beb aeh lh:glbkn_g kqblZe m^h\hevkl\b_ [_amkeh\guf aehf Gm`gh ba[_]Zlv m^h\hevkl\bc ihwlhfm^h[jh^_l_ev±Zkd_lbq_kdZy`bagv\khhl\_lkl\bbkijbjh^hc[_aklj_fe_gbyd^_gv]Zfbeb\eZklbDbgbdbijhih\_^h\Zebbg^b\b^mZebafkqblZyqlh^h[jh^_l_evhij_^_ey_lkyijbjh^hcghg_h[s_kl\hfhgboh^bebih]hjh^Zfg_aZ^_j`b\Zykv\dZdhfeb[hihebk_Zihlhfmfh]ml[ulvgZa\Zgui_j\ufbb^_cgufbdhkfhiheblZfb.GZb[he__\b^gufihke_^h\Zl_e_f:glbkn_gZ[ue>bh]_gKbghikdbc"±^hgwGZk\h_cjh^bg_\Kbghi_>bh]_g[uehkm`^zgaZnZevrb\hfhg_lgbq_kl\hbba]gZgkihahjhfhg\klj_lbe:glbkn_gZb^he]hoh^beaZgbfmijZrb\Zy\aylvdk_[_\mq_gbdbIhij_^Zgbx dh]^Z :glbkn_g jZkk_j^beky b \aye iZedm >bh]_g ih^klZ\be ]heh\m b kdZaZe©;_c\_^vg_lgbq_]hdj_iq_q_f]heh\Zklj_fysZykydagZgbxªLZd>bh]_gklZemq_gbdhf:glbkn_gZ Iha^g__ hg i_j_k_ebeky \ :nbgu b ^h\ze dbgbq_kdh_ mq_gb_ ^h eh]bq_kdh]hdhgpZk\_^y_]hdihqlbiheghfmwdklj_fbafmHkgh\gufijbgpbihf>bh]_gZklZeZ©i_j_q_dZgdZfhg_lªfukebl_ev`be\ibnhk_khkm^_^eya_jgZbijhih\_^h\Zeihegh_kebygb_k ijbjh^hc hljbpZy \kz h[s_kl\_ggh_ >gzf hg [jh^be ih :nbgZf k ]hjysbf nZd_ehfijh\ha]eZrZy ©Bsm q_eh\_dZª ± ihdZau\Zy qlh \k_ \hdjm] `b\ml g_ijZ\bevgh \_^v ^eykqZklvygm`ghebrv[jhkblv\kzh[s_kl\_ggh_ijbghkys__m^h\hevkl\b_bkeblvkykijbjh^hcZwlhihkbeZfex[hfm>bh]_ghljbpZeex[mx\eZklvihij_^Zgbxdh]^Znbehkhn]j_ekygZkhegp_dg_fmih^hrze:e_dkZg^jFZd_^hgkdbckhkeh\Zfb©@_eZcq_]hm]h^gh±yk^_eZx\kzqlhluohq_rvª>bh]_ghl\_lbe©G_aZkehgycfg_khegp_ªNbehkhngZau\Zek_[ykh[ZdhcdhlhjZy©lhj`_kl\_gghijb\_lkl\m_l^Zxs_]heZ_lgZl_odlhg_^ZzlbdmkZ_llh]hdlhhlgbfZ_lª22M`_ wlbo ijhy\e_gbc wdklj_fbafZ b k\h_h[jZagh]h wiZlZ`Z [ueh ^ey ]jZ`^Zg :nbg\iheg_ ^hklZlhqgh ± >bh]_gZ kqblZeb kmfZkr_^rbf gh ijb wlhf m\Z`Zeb aZ hjb]bgZevghklv b ijhgbpZl_evghklv H^gZdh ©\uoh^dbª fukebl_ey g_ h]jZgbqb\Zebkv ij_aj_gb_f d\eZklb hg ijhih\_^h\Ze lhlZevguc gZlmjZebaf \ khhl\_lkl\bb k ijbgpbihf ©qlh _kl_kl\_gghlhg_ihklu^ghª>bh]_gg_lhevdh`be\ibnhk_ghbkihdhcghkijZ\eye_kl_kl\_gguc ihlj_[ghklb gZ p_gljZevghc iehsZ^b :nbg Z lZd`_ iheZ]Ze gZmdb b bkdmkkl\Z [_kkfuke_ggufb b gbdqzfgufb >jm]hc ^hklZlhqgh ba\_klguc dbgbd ± DjZl_l ± [ue i_j\ufnbehkhnhfaZnbdkbjh\Z\rbfdbgbq_kdh_mq_gb_\l_dklZohgibkZe^bZljb[u±dhjhldb_^bZeh]bgZihfbgZ\rb_^bZeh]bKhdjZlZbkh^_j`Zsb_wlbq_kdb_ihmq_gby@_ghcDjZl_lZ[ueZ=biiZjoby±i_j\Zy`_gsbgZnbehkhnDbj_gZbdb WlZ rdheZ [ueZ hkgh\ZgZ \ ]hjh^_ Dbj_gZ hlkx^Z gZa\Zgb_ \ K_\_jghc:njbd_ :jbklbiihf ± " ^h g w Dbj_gZbdb dZd b dbgbdb hljbpZeb l_hj_lbq_kdh_agZgb_ghkqblZeblZd`_qlhbklbgZ\hh[s_g_kms_kl\m_l\\hijhkZowlbdbhgbhibjZebkvgZijbgpbi]_^hgbafZihemq_gby m^h\hevkl\by kqblZy qlh [eZ]h ± m^h\hevkl\b_ Z aeh ±kljZ^Zgb_L_fg_f_g__a^_kvkhojZgyxlkyhklZldbmq_gbyKhdjZlZhkZfhh[eZ^Zgbbp_ev`bagb±g_kZfbm^h\hevkl\bygh\eZklvgZ^gbfbjZamfgh_ih\_^_gb_\_^ms__dgZkeZ`^_gbx Khhl\_lkl\_ggh ke_^m_l [ulv k\h[h^guf hl \g_rgbo [eZ] Z \kz \hdjm] \hkijbgbfZlvdZdg_qlhihklhjhgg__ihjZkkdZaZfdh]^ZlbjZgKbjZdmaiexgme\ebph:jbklbiimnbehkhn kl_ji_e Z gZ mijzdb hl\_lbe ©Ju[Zdb ih^klZ\eyxl k_[y fhjkdbf [jua]Zf ^Z[uihcfZlvf_edmxju[zrdmlZdihq_fmyg_fh]mkl_ji_lv[jua]bkexgu\hbfymeh\Z[hevrhcju[uªH^gZdhiha^g__dbj_gZbaf\ujh`^Z_lky\^hklZlhqghpbgbqgh_bkhfgbl_evgh_kfhjZevghclhqdbaj_gbymq_gb_N_h^hj:l_bklaZy\ey_lqlhdjbl_jbcih\_^_gby±g_ihemq_gb_ hl^_evguo m^h\hevkl\bc gh ij_[u\Zgb_ \ mklhcqb\hf jZ^hklghf gZkljh_gbb Ih wlhcijbqbg_[eZ]hbaeh±g_m^h\hevkl\b_bkljZ^Zgb_ZjZ^hklvbi_qZevKZfZ`_jZ^hklgZy`bagv k\h^blky d lhlZevghfm bg^b\b^mZebafm b hljbpZgbx ex[uo fhjZevguo ghjf ihkdhevdmihijbjh^_q_eh\_dmjZaj_r_gh \kz jZkkdZau\Zxl qlh N_h^hj kqblZe \hafh`gufh]jZ[blvojZfbebkh\_jrblvij_ex[h^_ygb_\hbfykh[kl\_ggh]h[eZ]ZLZdmq_gb_dbj_gZbdh\ij_\jZsZ_lky\pbgbqgmxnhjfmZ]ghklbpbafZghdwlhfmfhf_glm\ebygb_mq_gbygZ]j_q_kdmxdmevlmjmm`_k\_^_ghdfbgbfmfmF_]ZjbdbKlhev`_dhjhldhc[ueZ`bagv_szh^ghckhdjZlbq_kdhcrdheu± l_q_gbyf_]Zjbdh\HgZ[ueZhkgh\ZgZ?\deb^hfbaF_]ZjZ±^hgw\h^ghbfzgghf]hjh^_ZkZfh mq_gb_h[t_^bgbeh\k_[_dhgp_ipbbKhdjZlZkfwe_Zlh\kfbkhnbklZ =hj]by kf ?\deb^ jZaebqZe qm\kl\_gguc b mfhajbl_evguc imlb ihagZgby ZlZd`_kqblZekms___^bgufF_]ZjbdbijhkeZ\bebkvkha^Zgb_fbZdlb\gufbkihevah\Zgb_f\kihjZojZaebqguokhnbafh\g_dhlhju_bagboih\lhjyebZihjbbA_ghgZijhlb\^\b`_gbybfgh`_kl\_gghklb^jm]b_`_[ueb\iheg_hjb]bgZevgufbGZijbf_jkhnbaf©E`_pªdh]^Zlu]h\hjbrv©Ye]mªb]h\hjbrvijZ\^mlhe`zrvihkdhevdm_keblue`zrvbijbwlhf]h\hjbrvijZ\^mlhlue`zrv<khnbaf_©Ihdjulucª]h\hjblkyqlhWe_dljZagZ_lk\h_]h[jZlZHj_klZgh_keb[jZle_`blih^ihdju\ZehflhHj_klZg_agZ_ldlhe_`blih^ihdju\ZehfihemqZ_lkyqlhHj_klZg_agZ_llh]hdh]hhgZagZ_lIh^h[gu_ihkljh_gbygZkljZb\Zxlf_]Zjbdh\gZkd_ilbq_kdbceZ^blh]hfjZa\blbymq_gbyklZgh\blkyih^l\_j`^_gbyl_abkZ =hj]by ©?keb [ulb_ b kms_kl\m_l hgh g_ihagZ\Z_fh _keb ihagZ\Z_fh lh g_\ujZabfhªBlh]b<k_khdjZlbq_kdb_rdheudZd[uhlhrebhl[Zah\hcl_fZlbdbKhdjZlZ±hlukdZgby kmsghklb \_s_c \ q_eh\_d_ ± jZa\b\ ebrv qZklgu_ b \ ijbgpbi_ g_agZqbl_evgu_klhjhgudhgp_ipbbmqbl_eyIjbwlhf\k_ljbmq_gbyhdZaZebkv^hklZlhqghkljZggufbhkgh\u\ZykvgZy\ghg_hq_\b^guoihklmeZlZohgbihkl_i_gghijbrebdkd_ilbpbafmbebdZddbgbdb iheghfm hljbpZgbx l_hj_lbq_kdh]h agZgby IjbqbgZ ijhklZ ± g_ l_ bkoh^gu_ ihkuedbbbkihevah\Zgb_\_kvfZkljZgghceh]bdbZ lhqg__ ihegh_ hlkmlkl\b_ \gylgh knhjfmebjh\Zgghceh]bq_kdhckbkl_fug_^ZjhfiZjZ^hdkuf_]Zjbdh\hlghkyldkhnbafZfL_f23g_f_g__g_dhlhju_iheh`_gby\mq_gbyokhdjZlbq_kdbordheku]jZebhij_^_ezggmxjhev\^Zevg_cr_fjZa\blbbnbehkhnbbgZijbf_j[_ajZ^bdZevguodbgbdh\bdbj_gZbdh\\jy^kfh]eZ [u \hagbdgmlv \iheg_ mjZ\gh\_r_ggZy wlbdZ klhbdh\ kf b wibdmj_cp_\ kf2.4.2).IeZlhg;bh]jZnbybkhqbg_gby.