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Giesyet al., 1983; Vymazal, 1984; Landrum et al., 1985; McCarthy and Jimenez, 1985;EbggbdbGZ[b\Zg_p 1986; Oris et al., 1990]<gZklhys__\j_fyiheh`_gb_hg_^hklmighklb dhfie_dkZ WL-=ND ^ey `b\uo hj]Zgbafh\ h[s_ijbgylh qlhk\yau\Zxl k g_\hafh`ghklvx ijhgbdgh\_gb_ \ `b\u_ hj]Zgbafu Z]j_]Zlh\klhev [hevrh]h jZaf_jZ Wlh ih^l\_j`^Z_lky jZ[hlZfb ih kgb`_gbx[bhZddmfmeypbb I:M \h^gufb hj]ZgbafZfb \ ijbkmlkl\bb ]mfmkh\uodbkehl [McCarthy and Bartell, 1988; Servos et al., 1989; Landrum et al., 1985].,]^_ Z\lhjZfb [ueZ ijh^_fhgkljbjh\ZgZ ijyfZy \aZbfhk\yav f_`^mk\yau\Zxsbfb k\hckl\Zfb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ih hlghr_gbx dbkke_^h\ZggufI:Mbbo^_lhdkbpbjmxs_ckihkh[ghklvxH^gZdh kms_kl\m_l p_euc jy^ jZ[hl Z\lhjZfb dhlhjuo ihdZaZgh qlh]mfmkh\u_dbkehluihdjZcg_cf_j_bonjZdpbykFFf_gvr_ >Zfh]mlijhgbdZlv q_j_a [bheh]bq_kdb_ f_f[jZgu [Eh]bgh\ b DhfbkkZjh\ 1971;Dell’Agnola and Nardi, 1986]Wlhk\b^_l_evkl\m_lh\hafh`ghklbihklmie_gbyk\yaZggh]hk]mfmkh\ufbdbkehlZfblhdkbdZglZ\hj]ZgbafuLZd\[Khdheh\b =Zebmebg, 1987] ihdZaZgh qlh h[jZah\Zgb_ dhfie_dkZ i_klbpb^-]mfmkijb\h^bl d m\_ebq_gbx i_jkbkl_glghklb b khojZg_gbx lhdkbq_kdbok\hckl\ij_iZjZlZ < jZ[hl_ KlxZjlZ [Stewart, 1984] ijb\h^ylky ^Zggu_ h[m\_ebq_gb_ lhdkbqghklb h-dj_aheZ -^bgbljhn_gheZ b -86ljbgbljhn_gheZ \ ijbkmlkl\bb gbadhfhe_dmeyjguo \h^hjZkl\hjbfuo]mfmkh\uodbkehlHldjuluf hklZ_lky \hijhk h ijbjh^_ ^_lhdkbpbjmxs_]h ^_ckl\by]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z agZqbl_evgh]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k lhdkbdZglhf gZijbf_j ZljZabghf g_ ijhbkoh^blOjbkl_\hc [Ojbkl_\Z ] [ueZ \ukdZaZgZ ]bihl_aZ qlh “ nbabheh]bq_kdbZdlb\gu_ ]mfbgh\u_ dbkehlu ih\urZxl khijhlb\ey_fhklv jZkl_gbc g_ ddZdbf-lh hij_^_e_gguf nZdlhjZf \g_rg_c kj_^u Z ih^gbfZxl bo h[smxj_abkl_glghklv Beb ^jm]bfb keh\Zfb – nbabheh]bq_kdb Zdlb\gu_ =<ih\urZxl h[smx g_ki_pbnbq_kdmxkhijhlb\ey_fhklvhj]ZgbafZ” Hkgh\hclZdh]h ij_^klZ\e_gby ihkem`beb wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ ^Zggu_ h lhf qlhklbfmebjmxs__ ^_ckl\b_ =< gZ `bag_^_yl_evghklv jZkl_gbc wnn_dlb\g__ijhy\ey_lky \ wdklj_fZevguo mkeh\byo < ^Zevg_cr_f [ueb him[ebdh\Zgufgh]hqbke_ggu_ jZ[hlu ih^l\_j`^Zxsb_ wlm ]bihl_am [Ojbkl_\Z b^j Ojbkl_\Z LdZq_gdhb^j 1977].LZdbfh[jZahfijhp_kk^_lhdkbdZpbbWL]mfmkh\ufbdbkehlZfbfh`_l[ulv h[mkeh\e_g ih djZcg_c f_j_ ^\mfy ijbqbgZfb g_ihkj_^kl\_ggufk\yau\Zgb_f WL b ih\ur_gb_f h[s_c khijhlb\ey_fhklb hj]Zgbafh\ \ijbkmlkl\bb =ND >ey mklZgh\e_gby b ^hdZaZl_evkl\Z f_oZgbafZ^_lhdkbdZpbb g_h[oh^bfh ijh\_^_gb_ dhfie_dkguo bkke_^h\Zgbc\dexqZxsbo hp_gdm dZd ^_lhdkbpbjmxsbo lZd b k\yau\Zxsbo k\hckl\ ihhlghr_gbx d \u[jZgghfm WL Z lZd`_ bo khihklZ\e_gb_ D kh`Ze_gbx \gZklhys__ \j_fy kh]eZkgh ij_^eh`_gghc ko_f_ [ueb ijh\_^_gu lhevdh_^bgbqgu_ bkke_^h\Zgby >0F&DUWK\ DQG %artell, 1988; 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