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Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨɛɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ «ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ».ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɵɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɭɡɥɨɜɉɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ 4(ɪɢɫ. 5.12, ɚ) ɮɟɪɦɵ, ɜɡɹɬɨɣ ɢɡ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ [7].Ɋɢɫ. 5.12100Ɉɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɮɟɪɦɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ.ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɜɚ (ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɭɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɡɥɚ) ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ,ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɡɟɥ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ.Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ.
ɋɪɚɡɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ N 4 ɜɵɪɟɡɚɧɢɟɦɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ ( E ɢɥɢ D ) ɧɟ ɭɞɚɫɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɡɥɨɜɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ 4 ɫɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɟɲɢɬɶɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ, ɜɵɪɟɠɟɦ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɡɟɥ A (ɪɢɫ. 5.12, ɛ) ɢ ɢɡɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ¦ Z V A N1 sin 45o 0(5.19)ɫɢɥ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɭɡɟɥ (ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ N1 :N1ɭɫɢɥɢɹɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɤɚɤ3P(5.20)2 2Ɂɚɬɟɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ N1 , ɜɵɪɟɠɟɦ ɭɡɟɥ E (ɪɢɫ. 5.12, ɜ) ɢɡɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɫɢɥ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɭɡɟɥ, ɧɚ ɨɫɶxc ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɸ 3 (ɭɫɢɥɢɸ N 3 ): N1 P cos 45o N 4 cos 45o0.(5.21)ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɫɸɞɚ ɢɡ (5.20) ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ N1 , ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɟN4 P / 2 . Ɂɧɚɤ ɦɢɧɭɫ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ N1 , ɱɬɨ ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶɫɠɚɬ, ɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ.Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ.
Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɫɢɥ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɭɡɟɥA , ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ. ɍɡɟɥ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɢɥ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɭɡɟɥ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ VA ,ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɫɢɥ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɜɭɞɨɛɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ,ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɦ 1 ɢ 2 ɮɟɪɦɵ. ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦɭɫɢɥɢɣ N1 ɢ N 2 ɜ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɟ ɫɢɥ ɫɬɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɥ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɭɡɟɥ A , ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ.Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ N1 , ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɫɢɥ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɭɡɟɥ E .
ɋɥɨɠɢɜ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ N1 ,101ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɭɡɟɥ, ɫ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɢɥɵ P , ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɪɚɜɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɭɡɟɥ E (ɨɧɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚɲɬɪɢɯɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ). Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɢɜ ɷɬɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɦ 3 ɢ 4 ɮɟɪɦɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ N 3 ɢ N 4 ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɭɥɸ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɥ,ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɭɡɟɥ E , ɧɚɣɞɟɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɯ 3 ɢ 4 ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɡɟɥ E .ɇɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ ɜ ɮɟɪɦɟɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɮɟɪɦ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɮɟɪɦɵɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɯ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɭɥɸ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦɢ.ȿɫɬɶ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɟ ɮɟɪɦɵ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɜɵɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɭɡɥɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ:1) ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɡɟɥ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɜɚ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ, ɧɟ ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ, ɬɨ ɨɛɚ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦɢ;2) ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɡɟɥ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ, ɞɜɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɟɠɚɬɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ, ɬɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦ.ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.13, ɚ, ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.13, ɛ.Ɋɢɫ. 5.13Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɭɡɥɭɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ¦ Z 0 , ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ N1 0 , ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ¦ X 0 , ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ N 2 0 .Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ¦ Z 0 , ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɭɡɥɭ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɢɦ N1 0 . ɂɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ¦X0 ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ N 3N2 .ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɤ ɮɟɪɦɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɜ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɯ ɮɟɪɦɵ.ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ102ɜ ɧɟɣ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ, ɬ. ɟ. ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.14.Ɋɢɫ. 5.14ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ ɮɟɪɦɵ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ, ɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɯ ɮɟɪɦɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɭɸɫɹɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɮɟɪɦɵ ɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɟɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɟɪɦɚ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.
5.15 [7].ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɭɡɥɚ 6 ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɯ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ ɭɡɥɭ 6ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ: N 6 N 7 .Ɋɢɫ. 5.15N6ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ¦ Z 0 ɞɥɹ ɭɡɥɚ 6 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ N 7 . Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦɢ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭɧɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɢɡ ɭɡɥɨɜ 2 ɢ 3 ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ N 5 ɢ N8 ɛɭɞɭɬ ɬɚɤɠɟɧɭɥɟɜɵɦɢ.ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. ɑɟɪɬɟɠɢ ɮɟɪɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.5.14 ɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.15 ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢɡ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ [7].ɇɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ ɬɚɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɤɪɭɠɤɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɢɯ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ.ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɜɮɟɪɦɚɯ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, [7]).103Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɮɟɪɦɵ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ:1. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɮɟɪɦɵ.2. ɇɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɮɟɪɦɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɹɜɧɨ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɜɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɯ.3. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɜɵɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ.ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ N1 ɜ ɮɟɪɦɟ,ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.16. Ȼɭɞɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɮɟɪɦɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɟɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ (ɤɪɭɠɤɚɦɢ) ɹɜɧɨ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ.ɍɫɢɥɢɟ N1 ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɢɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɭɡɥɨɜ a, b, c, d .
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɹ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1-1,ɪɚɫɫɟɱɶ ɮɟɪɦɭ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ N1 ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ321N1dN3N2h1bm22d2Pdcm1231aPɊɢɫ. 5.16¦ M m1P 2d N1 h10 ɞɥɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɮɟɪɦɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɬ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɭɥɸ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɥ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶɮɟɪɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɱɤɢ m1 , ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ.ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɟɳɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ,ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɮɟɪɦɵ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɟɟ ɧɚɫɭɫɢɥɢɟ N1 , ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɜɵɛɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ: N11042 Pd / h1 .Ɍɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ N 2 , ɭɞɨɛɧɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɚɫɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɪɦɵ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ 2-2 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5.16) ɢɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶɷɬɨɭɫɢɥɢɟɢɡɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹɜɜɢɞɟ¦ M m2 2 P 2d P (3d 4d ) N 2 4d 0 ɞɥɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɮɟɪɦɵ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɨɬ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ2-2. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ N 20.75 P .ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ N 3 ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ(ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ 3-3), ɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɢɞ ¦ Z P N 3 cos(90o D ) 0 ɞɥɹ ɫɢɥ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ 3-3. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ N 3 P / sin D .ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ,ɪɚɫɫɟɤɚɸɳɟɟ ɮɟɪɦɭ, ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɢɡɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɨɦɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ,ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ N1 ɜ ɮɟɪɦɟ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɪɢɫ. 5.17. Ɉɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ 1-1, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɨɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ. ɍɫɢɥɢɹ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɜɨɣɞɭɬ ɜ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɥ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɮɟɪɦɵ ɩɪɚɜɟɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ,ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ m1 : ¦ M m1 0.75 P d N1 h1 0 .ɂɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ N10.75Pd / h1 .Ɋɢɫ.
5.17Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɭɫɢɥɢɹ N 3 . Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɪɚɫɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɵ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ 2-2, ɧɟɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɞɥɹɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ N 3 .Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɮɟɪɦɵ105ɫɥɟɜɚ ɨɬ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ: ¦ Z 1.25P P N 3 sin D N 2 sin D 0 , ɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɜɚɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ.ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɠɟ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ.Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ¦ X N 3 cos D N 2 cos D 0ɭɡɥɚ C ɧɚ ɨɫɶ X . ɂɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ N 2 N 3 . ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹɭɫɢɥɢɹ N 2 ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɮɟɪɦɵ,ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦN3ɨɞɧɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦN 3 , ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɦ:0.125P / sin D .5.7. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢɈɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵ ɢɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ (1.3) – (1.5).ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɜ ɢɯ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯɫɬɨɥɛɰɚ ɬɚɛɥ.
5.1.Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ (ɫɦ. ɪɚɡɞɟɥ 2 ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ).Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɣɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɷɬɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ.ȼ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɣ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ.Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ 1 ɬɚɛɥ. 5.1.Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɣ ɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɡɚɞɟɥɤɚɯ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ.Ɍɨɝɞɚ, ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɩɨɬɟɪɹɜ ɨɞɧɭ (ɡɚɳɟɦɥɹɸɳɭɸ)ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɧɟɫɬɢɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ.ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɩɨɬɟɪɹɜ ɡɚɳɟɦɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ,ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ.106Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.1ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɟ (ɋɈ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɟ (ɋɇ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ1.
