Принципы нанометрологии (Раздаточные материалы от преподавателя), страница 68

The monolithically manufactured system has anexperimentally determined minimum detection force limit of 19 mN, witha theoretical value as low as 0.45 mN.An attempt has been described to create a tuneable carbon nanotubeelectromechanical oscillator whose motion is both excited and detected usingthe electrostatic interaction with the gate electrode underneath the tube [46].The advantages of the nanotube are highlighted: they are made of the stiffestmaterial known, have low densities, ultra-small cross-sections and can bedefect-free.

The group report that despite great promise they have as yet failedto realise a room-temperature, self-detecting nanotube oscillator due topractical difficulties. For example, the adhesion of the nanotube to theelectrodes inevitably reduces the device’s quality factor by several orders ofmagnitude.10.3.4.5 Further methods and summaryThere are many other physical force production and measurementphenomena that can be used to realize low forces.

Many of these methodsLow-force measurementcan be very impracticable and difficult to set up. Examples are simply listedhere but further details can be found in the references provided:-radiation pressure [47];-Van der Waals [48] and Casimir effects [49];-biochemical and protein manipulation [50–52];-fluid flow and capillary forces [53,54];-counting of flux quanta [55].Table 10.2 lists the advantages and disadvantages of the methods for lowforce production and measurement described in this book.Table 10.2Advantages and disadvantages of low-force production and measurement methodsTechnologyAdvantagesDisadvantagesDeadweight forcesStraightforward use.

Need only a reliablelifting mechanism and correct materialchoice. No development.Simple, well-established technology. Focuson ensuring traceability in a proventechnology. Robust.MEMS watt and volt balances currentlyavailable and hence developmentrelatively cheap and quick.Promises lower relative uncertainties.Development of poorly representedtechnology would offer market analternative.Harnessing ubiquitous forces.Handling uncertainties.Elastic elementmethodsElectrostatics, andelectromagnetismResonance methodsVan der Waals andCasimir effectBiochemical andproteinmanipulationFluid flow andcapillary forcesPossibility of intrinsic and hence highlyrepeatable force calibration.Radiation pressureSimple experimental setup in principle.Capillary forces always present and must beunderstood anyway.Integration of onboard deflection metrology.Dependence on position of interaction.Integration of onboard deflection metrologywithout compromising primary mechanism.Crosstalk with balance.Practical issues: bandwidth selection, low Qs,miniaturization and absolute uncertainties.Risky development.

Prototype iterations couldprove costly.Extreme short-range interaction, implying lessrobust artefact. Dependence on interactiongeometry. Hamaker constant determination.Collaboration required due to new skills. Better forsmaller forces (future work).Fluid flow totally unsatisfactory.

High uncertaintiesin capillary methods due to e.g. humiditydependence. Required level of traceabilityhighly unlikely.High-power laser (heating, safety), used as lowforce balance verification route.307308C H A P T ER 1 0: Mass and force measurement10.4 References[1] Poynting J 1879 On a method of using the balance with great delicacy Proc.R. Soc.

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