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A hybrid c a r e n g i n ecombines a petrol e n g in e with s o m e othertype of engine, such a s electric or hydrogenAdvantagesO ttelectrichybrid (petroland electric)efficient, no pollutionsave about 15% of fuel,batteries don't have tobe charged overnightLPGcars can be convertedeasilyhydrogen fuel cell provide clean powerrange = the dista n ce a car can travel on afull tank o f fuelDisadvantagesheavy batteries, limited rangeneed batteriesonly cuts down pollutiona littleeach cell is very expensiveGadget boxDiscuss this with the whole class and encourage humorous suggestions(iattaching a sound system which plays the sound o f a motorbike engine).It’s my job1Play the recording once and get students to note down as m any answersas possible. Play the recording again and get them to complete the exercise.O tt12345Natural gas-fuelled busesIt improves air quality.Gas-powered generatorsBio-gasHis company is planning to export to other EU countries.Language spotPredictions: will, may, mightRefer to the information in the Grammar reference p.119.
Discuss the use ofwill, m ay and might. Point out that the short form s won’t and mightn’t arenot used in formal, w ritten English.1 Get students to do this exercise individually.O tt1234won’twillm ay/m ightwon’t5 will6 m ay/m ight7 will8 m ay/m ight■i36 Unit 82 Get students to write five simple predictions using will, may, or might, ortheir negatives. When they have finished, get them to work in pairs anddiscuss their predictions until they agree on the sam e predictions. Thenselect a few pairs and ask them to read out their predictions to the class.PronunciationCorrective stress1 (|~i) Play the example, and ask students to tell you which word is stressed inthe second statem ent (are).
Ask them why they think this word is stressed(because it expresses the disagreement ).2 Get students to correct the statem ents individually in preparation for thenext exercise. They can simply cross out the wrong word and write thecorrect word in.□ Additional activity(w e a k e r s t u d e n t s )In g r o u p s , e a c h s t u d e n t in t h e g r o u pw r i t e s d o w n t w o or th r e e s i m p l ep r e d i c t i o n s a b o u t sport, t h e n e x tO ly m pics, s p a c e travel, in v e n tio n s, ors o m e oth e r to p i c t h a t i n t e r e s t s t h e m .C he ck t h a t th e i r s e n t e n c e s ar e s h o r t a n ds im p le , for example-.
I t h in k E n g la n d w illO-ir 12345678No, hybrid cars have a petrol engine and an electric motor.No, hydrogen fuel cells are expensive.No, most car drivers are unhappy / aren’t happy to use public transport.No, LPG cuts down pollution a little.No, ASVs are safer for pedestrians.No, solar-power is not the answer to our transport problems.No,airtravel is bad / isn’t good forthe environment.No,trains and buses are examples of publictransport.w in th e n e x t W o r ld C u p.
T h e n g e t e a c hs t u d e n t to sa y h is / h er p r e d ic tio n s, a n da n o t h e r s t u d e n t to d i s a g r e e a n d m a k e an e w p r e d i c t i o n a b o u t t h e s a m e topic.( R em in d t h e m to s t r e s s th e n e w w ord, inita lic s below.) Example-.AI t h i n k E n g l a n d w ill w i n th e WorldCup.BI d i s a g r e e . E n g l a n d w o n ’t w i n th eWorld Cup.
I t h i n k G re e c e w ill w i n it.3 Get one student to read out a statement, and another student to contradictthe statement. Make sure that the second student stresses only the wordexpressing the disagreement.4 Q Get students to listen and practise where necessary.5 In pairs, get one student to choose a topic and make a statem ent about it,expressing an opinion. The other disagrees and m akes a contrastingstatem ent (with reasons for disagreement). Walk around the pairs andcheck that they are using corrective stress as in the previous exercises.Problem-solving1 Get students to discuss this in pairs.Ott A microliteB aquaticcarC Segway human transporterD Mars explorerE quad bike2 Get students to continue discussing in pairs.O-ir Possible answersmicroliteaquaticcarSegwayMars explorerquad bikeMust be lightweight, strong,aerodynamic,Must be water-tight, buoyant, able to transfer powerfrom wheels to a propeller, able to steer in water.Must be able to remain upright.Must be able to operate remotely in extreme conditions,Must be able to operate safely in off-road conditions.Customer careMaking and acknowledging apologiesDiscuss the importance of apologizing to customers and explain that it isalso important to acknowledge apologies.
Get students to practise thephrases and discuss the exam ples of written apologies.Get students in pairs to practise apologizing and acknowledging, using thesituations. Remind the first speaker in each dialogue to explain thesituation first. They can also suggest some situations from their owntechnical field and then practise more apologies and acknowledgements.♦TipVocabularyTop marginRecording new expressionsCompare th e JCB with oth er land speedrecords:Solar powered ca r -4 8 .7 1 m ph (1988)Bicycle-167.043 m ph (1995)Electric c a r - 245.523 mphLand c a r - 7 6 3 . 0 5 5 mphIf stu dents w a n t s p e e d s in kph tell th e m ane a s y w a y f o r a rough conversion i s t o d i v i d eRemind students about grouping new vocabulary by subjects (Unit 1).Explain that it is also useful to group expressions by function.2 Get students to complete the table.Ott FunctionOpening a letter or emailbyfive and multiply by eight.Closinga letter or emailReferring to previous contactGiving reasonsPromising actionExpressionHi...Dear...Regards...Best w ishes...Iwrote to you on (date)We spoke (last week)I’m writingtoyou because...The reason I’m getting in touch is .We will...We’re going to ...I can assure you th a t...3 Get students to write the email, using some of the phrases practised anddiscussed.
Check their work individually.O-it Possible answer□ Additional activity(stro n g e r s tu d e n ts )When t h e y h a v e w r i t t e n t h e ir em a il, g etstronger s t u d e n t s in p a i r s to role p l a y ate lep h on e call in w h i c h t h e y p la y th eDear M r/M s X,The reason I'm getting in touch is to apologize for sending you the wrongnumber of air-conditioning units. We very much regret the mistake in yourorder. We spoke yesterday and I have found out the reason for the error.This was due to the fact that we only had the five units in stock. We willreceive a new batch tomorrow and I can assureyou that the remainingunitwill be sent by express delivery.Regards,par ts o f th e c u s t o m e r a n d th e p e r s o nw riting th e em a il.The e m a i l w r it e r p h o n e s th e c u s t o m e rtw o d a y s la te r to ch eck if h e / sh ereceived th e l a s t a i r -c o n d itio n in g unit.WebquestStudents can work in sm all groups or pairs to do this research.The c u s t o m e r s a y s he / s h e h a s receiv edit.
The w r it e r t h e n a p o lo g i z e s a g a i n forth e delay.The c u s t o m e r a c k n o w l e d g e s th ea p o lo g y a n d t h a n k s th e w r it e r form a k i n g su r e t h a t th e p r o b l e m w a sre solv ed so quickly.Key wordsGo through the list of words to check students’ pronunciation andunderstanding. Refer them to the Glossary if necessary.fabricated (built) beforehand at ground level, then liftedby cranes and fitted into position.BackgroundHigh buildings, often called skyscrapers, allow us to makem axim um use of the limited and often expensive buildingland in cities.
They can also demonstrate the confidenceand importance of a com pany city, or country, and lead tonever-ending competition to build the highest tower.When the steel structure is completed, the outside of thebuilding is covered with its outer skin, called the claddingor curtain wall. This consists of panels m ade of a variety ofmaterials, such as glass, aluminium, or stainless steel.Skyscrapers impose a m assively concentrated load ontheir foundations. Where poor ground conditions exist,huge effort is put into creating suitable foundationsthrough the use of piles and concrete rafts. Piles are longcolumns m ade from steel or reinforced concrete.
Steelpiles are driven vertically into the ground by a pile-driveruntil they reach bedrock (a layer of rock deep in theground) or a stable layer of heavy clay which is consideredsuitable to bear the weight of the building. Reinforcedconcrete piles are made by drilling to the correct depth,inserting a network of steel rods, then filling the hole withconcrete. A concrete raft is a flat base or platform of steelreinforced concrete, which is formed above the piles andattached to them. This spreads the weight of the buildingover a wide area and through the piles to the bedrock.Another way of spreading weight is by using thick basescalled piers which are splayed (or expanded outwards)like sm all pyramids.When we look at a skyscraper, we see the shining m etal orglass exterior. But this is only the outer covering.
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