N. Kryazheva - The United States and the United Kingdom. Past and Present (pdf) (798445), страница 18
Текст из файла (страница 18)
Colleges prepareyoung people for entry to specific job, or offer a specialist qualification. A college education is in mostcases less academic and more practical than a university one, and usually vocational. They offer coursesin teacher training, in technology and some professions connected with medicine.Polytechnics are fairly new. The government in 1966 established them in order to concentrate thelarge amount of work of university standard being done outside the university. 30 of the technical collegesbecame polytechnics and their popularity is growing.In many ways the polytechnics and universities are similar. But the former have more varied coursesthan any other higher educational institution.
Any student has a wide range of choice, such as pureacademic study, a study of an applied mature or a professional qualification. The Polytechnics play themain role in higher education.A degree is an academic qualification awarded at most universities and colleges upon completion of ahigher educational course (a first degree) or a pi^eof research (higher degrees).In general Bachelor's degree [B.A. or B.Sc] is given to students who pass gxams at the end of threeor four years of study.The first post-graduate degree is that of a Master conferred for a thesis based on at least one year'sfull-time work. And the degree of Doctor of Philosophy [Ph.D.] is given for a thesis, which is an originalcontribution to knowledge.The highest governing body of most universities is usually a Council consisting of a few professorstogether with some local notables.
Each department has its chief who has usually the title of Professor.Other teachers who have no title of "professor" are entitled "Lecturers", "Readers", "SeniorLectures". When a university teaching post is vacant it is usually advertised in newspapers.Words and Phrases:syllabus(es)- программа, расписаниеto approach - приближатьсяBachelor degree - степень Бакалавраto comprise- включатьMaster- Магистр (уч. степень)instead of - вместоto confer to - предоставлятьfee - взнос, пошлина, чаевыеto adjust - приводить в порядок, приспособлятьTasks:1.
Answer the following questions:a. What types of universities are there in Great Britain?b. When were Cambridge and Oxford universities founded?c. What is the supreme governing body of the university?d. What can you say about the Open University?2. Speak about: a. London University; b. your University. 4. True or False?a. british Universities are centers of research as well as teaching;b.
Ural Universities are centers of research as well as teaching;c. colleges form an important part of higher education system, don4 they?TRADITIONSSome British customs and traditions are famous all over the world. Britain hats, tea, talking about theweather for example. From Scotland to Cornwall, Britain is full of customs and traditions.
A lot of themhave very long histories. Some are funny and some are strange. But all of them are interesting. They areall part and parcel of the British way of life.One of the traditions is the "Trooping of the Color".The Queen is the only person in Britain with two birthdays. Her real birthday is on April 21st but shehas an "official" birthday. It is on the second Saturday in June. And on the Queen's official birthday, thereis a traditional ceremony called "The Trooping of the Color".
It is a big parade with brass bands andhundreds of soldiers at Horse Guard's Parade in London, a "regiment" of Queen's soldiers, the Guardstrooping the colour, march in front of her. At the front of the parade is the regiment's flag or "color".Thousands of Londoners and visitors watch Horse Guard's Parade, and millions of people watch it ontelevision at home.The changing of the Guard. This happens every day at Buckingham Palace, the Queen's homesoldiers stand in front of the Palace. Each morning these soldiers (the "guard") change. One group leavesand another arrives. In summer and winter tourists stand outside the palace at 11.30 every morning andwatch the Changing of the Guard.The state opening of Parliament.
Parliament, not the Royal Family, controls modern Britain. Buttraditionally the Queen opens Parliament every autumn. She travels in a golden carriage, the first Irishstate Coach. In the Houses of Parliament the Queen sits on a "throne" in the House of Lords and readsthe "Queen's Speech".The Queen's Christmas speech.
Now here's a modern royal custom. On Christmas Day at 300 in theafternoon, the Queen makes a speech on radio and TV. It's ten minutes long. In it she talks to the peopleof the United Kingdom. It was filmed a few weeks before. The Queen spends Christmas with her family inWindsor.Lord Mayor's Show. The Lord Mayor of London is chosen every year in No*vember. The new Mayor travels in a golden coach through the city. He goes fromthe Mansion House to the Royal Courts of Justice in the Strand street.The Tower of London. It was the custom for each monarch to lodge in the Tower before hiscoronation.
The oldest military ceremony in the world is the Ceremony of the Keys, which has takenplace every night at the Tower of London, for more than 700 years. At seven minutes to ten, sergeant ofthe guards with the «eys accompanied by four soldiers dressed in uniform and carrying rifles appears jpturn at the four main towers.A soldier who keeps watch (sentry) shouts "Halt. Who comes there?" The sergeant says: "The Keys"."Whose Keys"? "Queen Elizabeth's Keys".
"Pass, Queen Elizabeth's Keys" - says the sentry. Then theescort of the Keys passes through the archway.DOMESTIC TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMSThere are lots of domestic customs, which go centuries back. There is the English custom of afternoontea. It is about 300 years old.
The British drink their 5 o'clock tea round the fire in winter and out ingardens on sunny summer's days.Another tradition is sitting at a fire-place, which is found in every home. For many months of the yearthey like to sit round the fire and watch the dancing flames. Above the fire-place there is usually a shelf,on which there is often a clock and framed pictures.Pubs are an important part of British life. People talk, eat, drink, meet friends and relax and listen togood music.
They are open at lunch time and again in the evening but they close at 11 p.m.The word "pub" is short for "public house". Pubs always serve food and beer. British people sometimeslift their glasses before they drink and say "cheers!" This means "Good luck!" Pubs' names often have along tradition. Some come from thirteenth or fourteenth century.Shaking Hands. Hundreds of years ago soldiers began this custom.
They shook hands to show thatthey did not have a sword. Now, shaking hands is a custom. In Britain they don't shake hands with friendsand family. But one must shake hands when one meets a person for the first time.Parties. It's the custom to have a party to celebrate a person's birthday, new house, an engagement, awedding, Christmas and New Years Eve. "Happy Birthday to you" song is known all over the world.Talking about the weather. The British talk about the weather a lot.
They talk about the weatherbecause it changes often.Advertizing. The British like advertizing and some of them depend on it in their daily lives. There aremany ways for ads. Ads are carried by newspapers, magazines, ^oducts are announced on TV and radio.TV and radio ads are called "commercials". Even short films and video-films are produced for ads.Consumers often fall victims to ads. People buy well-advertised products, but they are not always good.Snow on Christmas cards is according to traditions.
Nowadays, a white Christmas snow on 25December is rare on the British Isles. More usually it's "a Green Christmas" - no snow and little or nofrost. Through the centuries winters in ^ British Isles have become gradually milder.New Year Resolutions. What are your worst faults? Do you want to change them? What are yourwishes? In Britain a lot of people make New Year Resold tions on the evening of December 31st. Forexample, "I'll get up early every rriorrv ing", "I'll not smoke any more", "I'll clean my shoes every day", "I'llnot read while eating", "I will not eat cakes and ice-cream". But there is a problem.
Most peop|e forgettheir New Year Resolutions on January 2nd.TRADITIONS IN FOODIn a real English breakfast one may have boiled or fried eggs, bacon, sausage, tomato andmushrooms. Then there is a toast and "marmalade". There is an interesting story about the word "marmalade". It may has come from the French "Marie est malade", or "Mary is ill".
That is because in 17thcentury Queen of Scotland, Mary Queen of Scots, liked it. She always asked for French orange jam whenshe was ill.Roast beef and Yorkshire Pudding are eaten for lunch. It is a traditional Sunday lunch fromYorkshire. Pudding is not sweet. It's a simple mixture of eggs, flour, and milk, but it's delicious. Twocommon vegetables with a roast beef and Yorkshire Pudding are Brussels sprouts and carrots, and athick brown sauce.Pancakes are eaten by British people on Shrove Tuesday in February or March. For pancakes youneed flour, eggs and milk. And then they are eaten hot with sweet sugar and lemon or savoury filling.Every year Scots people all over the world remember famous poet Robert Burns (they call himRabbie). They read his poems and eat haggis.
It is a traditional food made of meat, onions, flour, salt andpepper. The haggis is boiled in the skin from a sheep's stomach. Tea is not only a drink. It's also a mealin the afternoon. But one can eat it with cucumber sandwiches and scones. Scones are plain cakes. Onemay eat cream and chocolate cakes too.Christmas pudding. Some people make these puddings months before Christmas. A lot of familieshave their own Christmas pudding recipes. Some, for example, use a lot of brandy, others put in a lot offruit or add a silver coin for good luck.
Real Christmas puddings always have a piece of holly on the topfor decoration also, some people pour brandy over the pudding and light it with a match.Hot cross buns is an English Easter tradition. The first Christians in Rome made hot cross buns 2000years ago. Britain is changing together with the rest of the world, but traditions and customs are notchanged.Words and Phrases:bowler hat - котелокbrass band - духовой оркестрcontinuously - постоянноfortress - крепостьarms- оружиеfire-place - каминshelf - полкаto shout - кричатьregiment - полкto shake hands - здороваться за рукуto lodge - ночеватьsword - меч, шпага (оружие)sergeant - сержантeve - канунrifle- ружьеadvertisement (ad) - рекламаsentry - солдат, часовойShrove Tuesday - вторник на масленой неделеTrooping of the Color - вынос знамениholly - остролист (рождественскоеdomestic traditions - семейные традиции украшение)framed pictures - картины, фотографии в рамкахTasks:1.
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