1994. Compiler Transformations for High-Perforamce Computing (798436), страница 20
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From thecompilerwriter’sperspective,the key issue is the time it takes to make a memory reference.Table A.4 summarizesthelatency of each kind of memoryreferencein sMX,Typically,shared-memorymultiprocessors implementa numberof synchronization operations.FORK(n) starts identicalcopies of the currentprogramrunningonn processors;because it must copy thestack of the forkingprocessor to a privatememoryfor each of the n – 1 other processors, it is a very expensiveoperation.JOIN( ) desynchronizeswith the previousFORK, and makes the processor available(except for thefor other FORK operationsoriginalforkingprocessor,whichproceeds serially).BARRIER( ) performsa barriersynchronization,which is a synchronizationpointin the programwhereeach processorwaits untilall processorshave arrivedatthat point.A.3.2Distributed-MemoryDLX MultiprocessordMXis ourhypotheticaldistributedmemorymultiprocessor,Themachineconsistsof 64 S-DLXprocessors(numbered O through63) connected in an 8 x 8mesh.
The networkbandwidthof eachlink in the mesh is 10 MB per second.Each processorhas an associatednetwork processorthat managescommunication; the networkprocessor has its ownpool of memoryand can communicatewithoutinvolvingthe CPU.Havingaseparateprocessormanagethe networkallowsapplicationsto send a messageasynchronouslyand continueexecutingwhile the message is sent. Messages thatTransformations411●pass througha processor en route to someother destinationin the mesh are handled by the networkprocessorwithoutinterruptingthe CPU.The latencyof a messagetransferisten microsecondsplus 1 microsecondper10 bytes of message (we have simplifiedthe machineby declaringthat all remoteprocessorshave the same latency).Communicationis supportedby a messagelibrarythat providesthe followingcalls:“ SEND(buffer, nbytes,target)Send nbytes from buffer to the processor target.
If the messagefits in thenetworkprocessor’smemory,thecall returnsafter the copy (1 microsecond/ 10 bytes).If not, the call blocksuntilthe messageis sent. Note thatthis raises the potentialfor deadlock,but we will not concern ourselveswiththat in this simplifiedmodel.BROADCAST(buffer,●nbytes)Send the message to every other processor in the machine.The communication libraryuses a fast broadcastingalgorithm,so the maximumlatencyisroughlytwice thatof sendinga message to the furthestedge of the mesh.* RECEIVE (buffer, nbytes)Wait for a message to arrive;when itdoes, up to nbytes of it will be put inthe buffer.The call returnsthe totalnumberof bytes in the incomingmessage; if thatvalueis greaterthannbytes, RECEIVE guaranteesthat subsequentcalls willreturnthe rest ofthat message first.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWethankLam,MichaelandvariousofJamesLarus,forthisDemmel,DickAlexMuntz,AdvancedInstitute,theandcommentsDupuy,KenthankJohnStanley,DevelopmentearlierMonicaassistanceWeanonymousonGupta,theirsurvey.bers of the IBMvaluableManishSarkarpartsBoyland,JamesBurke,VivekrefereeswithJohnHauser,themem-Technologyfortheirdrafts.REFERENCESASELSON,ACMH.AND SUSSMAN, G.
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