MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY (794285)
Текст из файла
MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY
Moscow State University named after Michael Vasilyevich Lomonosov is the leading educational Institution of Russia, pride of native higher education.
The first Russian University was founded according to the project of the Russian scientist M.V.Lomonoosov and with the assistance of I.I.Shuvalov, the statesman of the middle of the 18th century.
In January 12(25) 1755, Saint Tatiana's day according to church caIendar empress Elizaveta Petrovna signed the Decree, about the foundation of the Moscow University.
Originallу the University had three faculties: law, philosophy and medicine. Classes began on the 26th of April (the 7th of May). 1755. in the Aptekarsky department building on Red Square in the center of Moscow. This building wasn't preserved. In 1883 the Historical Museum was built in place of it.
The existing building of the University in classical style was erected at the end of the 18th centary according to the project of me architect M.F.Kazakov. After the fire of Moscow during Napoleon's invasion in 1812 the architect Zhilyardi reconstructed the University, having preserved its general layout.
Soon after the opening of The University a printing house, library and theater were established. The newspaper "Moscow bulletin" began to be published. In the Moscow University scientific schools of physicists, mathematicians, chemists, geologists, biologists, historians, layers, philologists etc. were formed.
Scientific societies appeared: the Society of Russian history and antiquities (1804), the Moscow Society of naturalists (1805), the Mathematical Society (1866), the Society of lovers of Russian literature (1811), the Archaeological Society (1864), the Society of anthropology and natural sciences (1867). Names of M.Faradey, Ch.Darwin, Lpaster, G.Gemgolts and of other leading lights In world science were In the lists of honoured members of these societies.
Such writers as S.T.Aksakov, M.Yu.Lermontov, I.S.Turgenev, A.P.Chekhov, F.l.Tutchev, literary critic V.G.Bellnsky, distinguished Russian thinkers and philosophers A.I.Gertsen, V.S.Solovyov, V.V.Rozanov, S.N.Trubetskoy, P.A.Florensky, S.N.Bulgakov, singer L.V.Sobinov and others studied at the Moscow University.
A.S.Pushkin, L.N.Tolstoy and I.A.Bunin, whose brother was a student of the University, took part in meetings of the Society of lovers of Russian literature.
By the beginning of the 20 century the University had trained more than 40 thousand specialists in various branches of knowledge. At that time scientists, who were recognized throughout the world, worked at the Moscow University: V.l.Vernadsky, N.E.Zhukovsky, N.D.Zelinsky, M.A. Menzbir, A.P.Paviov, K.A.Timiryazev, S.A.Chapligin and others.
On the initiative and with the assistance of scientists from the University many famous Moscow museums were established. These included Polytechnical, Historical and Zoological museums, museums of Anthropology and Fine Arts. The Moscow Zoo was organized.
In the 1930's the faculties of Medicine, Chemistry and some other faculties were withdrawn from the curriculum of the University as a results of Its reorganization. On their basis Independent Institution were organized. By the beginning of the 1940's most of these faculties were| reinstated In the University. ln 1940, the 185th anniversary of Its foundation, the University was named M.V.Lomonosov. In honour of its founder.
Teachers and students of the University participated actively In the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). During the War they carried out more then three thousand scientific works for defense needs. About three thousand students, research assistants, graduates and teachers didn't return from battlefields. In memory of those who perished the Memorlal (Sigh) was established and the Eternal Fire was lighted near the 1st Building of the Humanities
On September 1, 1953, classes began in auditoriums and laboratories In the new complex of the University on Lenin's (Vorobyov's) Hills in the south-west of Moscow.
At present the Moscow University Is one of the leading centers of dLOAiesf[c education, science and culture. The improvement of standards of qualification for academic staff, the search for scientific truth, and the orientation to humanistic of justice and freedom following the University's traditions are all evident.
The Statutes of Moscow State Lomonosov University was adopted in June 1990 after a wide public discussion at the Council of Academic Councils of MSU, which incorporates all members of Academic Councils at MSU faculties and institutes, and also representatives of the departments which do not have their own Academic Councils.
After reading the MSU Charter in June 1992 at the Council of Academic Councils, It .was put into force by Rector's decree. By the President of the Russian Federation's decree, Moscow State University has received the status of the Russian autonomous (self-governed) higher educational Institution.
The Supreme Academic council in accordance with the Charier resolves j strategic questions of the University functioning and elects a rector. The Academic ' council of , MSU provides general guidance for the University and consists of a rector and vice-rector, deans of faculties and directors of Institutes, elective representatives of scientific and pedagogical workers of faculties , and Institutes (two-three persons depending on a number of workers), one representative of students and graduates of each faculty, and five members of the Academic council are elected from engineering and subsidiary services of the University.
The Academic council of MSU resolves the most important questions of scientific and educational activity, international relations, plans the budget, grants titles to professors, confirms appointments тог heads of departments, and considers plans of social and economic development of the University. Sessions of the Academic council of MSU are held at least once a month.
According to the new Charter rights faculties and research institutes are extended considerably. They are independent educational-scientific organizations, which are members of MSU. Their direction and functioning are regulated with rules about faculty (institute), which spell out the Charter of MSU with reference to given subdivision.
Ideas of democratization of the University life, publicity in adopting decisions and self-government proclaimed by the Charter of MSU are ultimately aimed at ensuring freedom in teaching, scientific research and spiritual development of the human personality. In accordance with the Charter the main subdivision of the University Is a department (laboratory, section) workers, students and graduates of which resolve all questions of organizing of scientific, educational and public life of their collective Jointly, with democratic methods. Presently the Moscow University includes 19 faculties: mechanics-mathematics, physics, computer science and cybernetics, chemistry, biology, soil science, geography, geology, history, philology, foreign languages, psychology, philosophy, sociology, economics, law, journalism and fundamental medicine.
The University also Includes the Institute of Asian and African countries and eight research institutes in the following subjects: mechanics, nuclear physics, astronomy, physical-chemical biology, anthropology, physics of microcosm, and the Computer center. Scientific work and teaching are conducted in museums, at practical-scientific camps, on expeditions, on research ships, in centers of Improving qualifications. There are more then three hundred departments in the University.
Today more than 26 thousand students and about 7 thousand graduates study at MSU, more than 5 Thousand specialists are improving their qualifications. 4 thousand professors and teachers and about 5 thousand assistants train them at the faculties and research institutes. Subsidiary and operating staff include about 15 thousand persons.
The University has at its disposal more than 6 hundred buildings, including a beautiful skyscraper on Lenin's Hills, the overall space of which is more than 1 million square meters. In Moscow alone the territory occupied by MSU is 205.7 hectares.
Higher scientific potential, unique opportunities for interdisciplinary investigations allow the University scientists to concentrate on pioneer trends of sciences. Recent years are marked with outstanding achievements in study of physics of high energies, high temperature superconductivity, laser systems, mathematics and mechanics, renewable sources of energy, ecological problems of power engineering, biochemistry and biotechnology, in the sphere of the humanities new trends were developed In questions of sociology, political economy, history, psychology, philosophy and history of culture. Every year about 1.5 thousand Candidates and about 250 Doctors theses in various branches of knowledge are defended in the Moscow University.
Last year 2 new structural subdivisions were opened at the University - the faculty of fundamental medicine and the Scientific Park. The faculty of fundamental medicine marks the return of medicine as a scientific discipline after a long Interval to MSU. The Scientific Park is intended to introduce a now high-technology scientific work, first of all, in such spheres as telecommunication, biotechnology, laser technology, ecology and others.
Faculties and departments of the University always paid great attention to improving the quality of training of specialists. A great deal is done today for renewal and Improvement of students' and graduates' Instruction. In a number of faculties a two-stepped structure of education is envisaged (bachelor-master). A position of an independent work is expanded in new curriculums, connection with practice, with future work of a senior is increased.
The problem of humanitarian education has become one of the most important. An iterfaculty center of social humanitarian education has been created. The Centers teachers conduct studies in native and world history and culture, in philosophy, economics, law and in the liberal arts. Students of the University may study according to individual plans and attend lectures in several specialized fields at different faculties. A lot of attention is paid to students health. Twice a week for the first 2 years physical trainings and sports are obligatory. In senior years these trainings may be continued in sports sections, optionally and also in paid health-improvement groups.
One of the most distinctive features of the academic ^process in the University is the linking of instruction with carrying on an independent scientific work, directions of which are chosen by students themselves. Work in scientific circles; scientific students societies, participation in students conferences along with studies at seminars, specialized seminars allow students to make a good choice. Many students work are published in scientific magazines and journals.
At a number of faculties (historical, philological, economical, law, sociological, journalism and psychology) there are evening courses, and at the faculty of Journalism - correspondence classes are available.
The period of studying at MSU is 5-6 years depending on the faculty and term of instruction. When graduating from the University, a student prepares and defends a diploma. Instruction in the University is free. But in connection with the development of market relations it was decided in 1992 to lake in up to 15 per cent of applicants for paid tuition over and above the plan of admission. Each good student gets a slate grant. Students from another city are provided with dormitory. Seniors of the University work after its graduation at higher educational institutions, research institutes, secondary schools, spheres of production and culture, in government, public and private organizations. In accordance with the Charter of MSU students and graduates have their representative bodies for solving problems of student's and graduates life. The body of such self-government is the Student's Council.
The Publishing House of MSU plays important role in realization of scientific and cultural-educational traditions of the University. It publishes more then 400 names of academic literature, scientific literature, popular-scientific literature, science fiction and reference books In 3 million copies every year. The subject scope of issued books includes practically ail spheres of modern scientific knowledge: philosophy and psychology, history and economics, state and law, philology and journalism, mathematics, physics and astronomy, biology and chemistry, geology and geography. The series "The University library", in which monuments of philosophical - aesthetical and historical thought, memoirs, and also Russian and foreign literary works are published. Is deservedly recognized by readers. For scientists, specialists and everybody who is interested in the latest achievements and works in the sphere of physic-mathematical sciences another series is intended "Physics: ideas, progress and prospects". In the series "The Great French Revolution. Documents and investigations" the most interesting works in this sphere carried out by the University historians during last years are collected. Since 1991 the Publishing House of MSU has been publishing" the new series "From spiritual past of Native land" and "Philosophical readings" which include works of distinguished philosophers, historians and artists.
The largest University library is the Scientific library named after A.M.Gorky. Its fund has about 8 million volumes, and more then 2 million of them are books In foreign languages. The library server about 55 thousand readers a year who are given out more than 5.5 million books.
The Moscow University has a lot of International contacts. It Is a member of International association of universities, has direct agreements on cooperation with more than 60 foreign scientific, centers and unions, universities of Europe, the USA. Japan, China, other Asian countries. Australia. Latin America, the United Arab Emirates.
Since 1946 when first foreign students entered the University more than 11 thousand of high-skilled specialists for 158 foreign countries have been trained. Every year more than 2 thousand students and graduates from alt over the world study here. More than 400 students attend courses of the preunlversity preparation for foreigners.
The most Important spheres of scientific and technical cooperation are: joint elaboration of scientific problems, exchange of professors and teachers for carrying on pedagogical and scientific work, and also exchange of students and graduates for various forms of scientific practical training. Every year the University receives more than 2 thousand foreigners for various short-term forms of education and sends approximately the same number of its representatives to different countries of the world, international courses of the U.N on demography, hydrogeological courses of the UNESCO. International center on biotechnology, International scientific-educational laser center, system of courses and seminars on Russian for foreign teachers work in MSU. In 1991 the University French college, Russian-American University, the Substitute of Germanic Scientific and Culture were opened. More than 80 scientists, state and political figures from foreign countries were elected to be honoured doctors and professors of the Moscow University. In their turn many famous scientists of MSU are honoured members of foreign academies and universities. Two and a half centuries of the oldest Russian University's history testify to an enormous contribution of its pupils to the service to ideals of freedom, humanism, beauty and truth common to ail peoples.
Характеристики
Тип файла документ
Документы такого типа открываются такими программами, как Microsoft Office Word на компьютерах Windows, Apple Pages на компьютерах Mac, Open Office - бесплатная альтернатива на различных платформах, в том числе Linux. Наиболее простым и современным решением будут Google документы, так как открываются онлайн без скачивания прямо в браузере на любой платформе. Существуют российские качественные аналоги, например от Яндекса.
Будьте внимательны на мобильных устройствах, так как там используются упрощённый функционал даже в официальном приложении от Microsoft, поэтому для просмотра скачивайте PDF-версию. А если нужно редактировать файл, то используйте оригинальный файл.
Файлы такого типа обычно разбиты на страницы, а текст может быть форматированным (жирный, курсив, выбор шрифта, таблицы и т.п.), а также в него можно добавлять изображения. Формат идеально подходит для рефератов, докладов и РПЗ курсовых проектов, которые необходимо распечатать. Кстати перед печатью также сохраняйте файл в PDF, так как принтер может начудить со шрифтами.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
