M. Ibbotson - Professional english in use engineering (794233), страница 2
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The Over to you sections can be used as a starting point for role plays,discussions and presentation activities, or adapted to out-of-class projects.This book is also a perfect complement to Cambridge English for Engineering whichfocuses on communication skills for engineers.
More information on this title is availableat www.cambridge.org/elt/englishforengineeringProfessional English in Use Engineering7Drawings-Drawing types and scalesIn engineering, most design information is shown on drawings. Today, drawings aregenerally not drawn by hand. They are produced on computer, using CAD (computer-aideddesign) systems.A key factor on a drawing is the scale - that is, the size of items on the drawing in relationto their real size. When all the items on a drawing are shown relative to their real size, thedrawing is drawn to scale, and can be called a scale drawing. An example of a scale is 1:10(one to ten). At 1:10, an object with a length of 100 mm in real life would measure 10 mmon the drawing.Most engineering designs consist of a set of drawings (a number of related drawings):•General arrangement (GA) drawings show whole devices or structures, using a small scale.This means objects on the drawing are small, relative to their real size (for example, a1:100 drawing of an entire building).•Detail drawings show parts in detail, using a large scale, such as 1:5 or 1:2.
Small partsare sometimes shown in a detail as actual size (1:1}, or can be enlarged to bigger thanactual size (for example, 2:1).For electrical circuits, and pipe and duct networks, it is helpful to show designs in asimplified form. In this case, schematic drawings (often referred to as schematics) are used.An everyday example is the map of a train network.Notes: When written, drawing is often abbreviated to dwg.CAD is pronounced as a word: /kred/.-Types of views used on drawingsTechnicians are discussing different views shown on drawings (looking at components fromabove, from the side, etc.), as they search for the information they require.We need a view from above showing -the ge.nual a((ange.men-tof all of -the roof panels - a plan of -the w'nole area.According "to ihis lis-t, -there are e.te..va~ of allfour sides of -the machine on draWing 2B.
So oneof T'nose s'nould show -the fron-t of -the machine.lhe.re s'nould be a :5e.e11a'l Throughihe pipe, showing ihe valve Inside,on drawing %.We need an e.xplode.d 1/\e.W of -the mechanism,showing -the componen-ts spaced ou-t.I-t's hard "to visualiz..e ihis assembl'j, based on i'Wo~ eleva-tionsand sec-tions. I-t would be clearer ifei-ther anob11qJe.wehad a i"nree~ view, aspr~t1on or an lsome:tl1cPfo:\eGt1on.Notes: See Appendix I on page 98 for examples of three-dimensional drawings.In non-technical, everyday English, engineering drawings are often called plans.Section is the short form of cross-section, and is commonly used in technical contexts.Two-dimensional and three-dimensional are often short~ned to 2D and 3D.8Professional English in Use Engineering1.1Complete the sentences.
Look at A opposite to help you.1 Enlarged drawings show components larger than their ................................................................ .2 For engineering drawings, 1:5 is a commonly used ................................ .3 Whole machines or structures are shown on ................................................................ drawings.4 Electrical drawings don't usually show sizes. They're shown as ................................ .5 A ................................
of drawings for a large project can consist of hundreds of pages.6 Most drawings are produced on computers, using ................................ software.1.2Match the descriptions (1-6) with the names of views used on drawings (a-f) . Look at Bopposite and Appendix I on page 98 to help you.1 a 2D view of the side of an object2 a 2D view inside an object, as if it is cut through3a a planb a sectionc and ane anf ana 2D view, looking down on top of an object4 a 3D view, showing an assembly taken to pieces5 a 3D view, with the 2D face of the object at the front6 a 3D view, with a corner of the object at the front1.3isometric projectionoblique projectionexploded viewelevationWrite the full forms, in words, of the abbreviations and shortened terms below.
Look at Aand B opposite and Appendix I on page 98 to help you.1 GA234561.4................................................................CAD................................................................................................dwg3Dsection1:50Complete the sentences, taken from conversations about drawings, using the words andabbreviations in the box. Look at A and B opposite and Appendix I on page 98 to help you.3DdetailelevationGAplanscaleschematicsection1 We need a ................................
through the bridge, showing the profile of the deck.2 The only drawing we have is the ······-························ , which is 1:100, so it obviously doesn'tshow things in detail.3 On drawing 12, there's a large ................................ of the entire top deck of the ship.4 This is the ................................ showing the front face of the tower.5 Modern CAD systems can produce ................................ drawings that look almost as realistic asphotographs.6 We don't need dimensions and positions at this stage.
We just need a ................................showing how many branches come off the main supply pipe.7 We don't have a proper drawing. We've just got a rough sketch, which is not to8 The fixings aren't shown on the 1:50 general arrangement. But there's a ................................ ,at 1:5, on drawing 42.Ove,r .f-o tjou~Imagine you are in a meeting at the start of a project.
You and your colleagues are aboutto begi n work on the design of a device, instal lation or structure you're familiar with.What types of drawing w ill be neede d to communicate the design?Professional English in Use Engineering9Design development-Initial design phaseA structural engineer from a fum of consulting engineers has sent an email to a more seniorcolleague, with an update on a project for a new airport terminal.DeleteReplyReply AllForwardPri nt----Stefan,We had our first design meeting with the airport authority and the architectyesterday. As you know, the client just gave the architect a short list of essentialrequirements for the terminal, so the design brief was pretty open.
As a result,the ideas he's come up with form quite an adventurous concept . However, thingsare still at an early stage - there are no scale drawings yet, just eight sketchesshowing roughly what he wants the building to look like. So it wasn't possibleto assess the design in detail. The next step is for the architect to develop thesketches into preliminary drawings. These are due at the end of April.- - Collaborative developmentWhen a design team consists of engineers and consultants from different organizations, thedesign development process needs to be carefully co-ordinated.Before the first draft (version) of a drawing is sent to members of the team, a decision ismade about who needs a copy.
Sometimes, a drawing will only be issued to certain specialistsin the team. Sometimes, it will be circulated to all the team members.After team members have received a drawing, they can comment on it, and may ask for thedesign to be changed. Following these comments, the drawing will be revised- that is, drawnagain with the requested changes made to it. Every drawing is numbered, and each time adrawing is amended (revised), the letter next to the drawing number is changed.
Thereforedrawing 11 OA, after a revision, becomes 11 OB. When revision B is issued, it becomes thecurrent drawing, and A is superseded. With each new revision, written notes are added to thedrawing. These describe the amendments that have been made.When engineers revise drawings during the early stages of the design process, they may haveto go back to the drawing board (start again), and redesign concepts completely. For laterrevisions, the design should only need to be refined slightly.After a preliminary drawing has been finally approved (accepted), a senior engineer cansign off (authorize) the drawing as a working drawing- that is, one that the production orconstruction team can work to.
However, this does not always mean the drawing will be final.Often, working drawings go through more revisions to resolve problems during production.Pre-production phaseDesignbriefRoughsketchesProduction phasePreliminarydrawingsWorking drawings--------------- - ~Revisions10Professional English in Use Engineering'Revisions2.1Find words in A opposite with the following meanings.a description of design objectives2 a rough, hand-drawn illustration3 an initial diagram, requiring further development4 an overall design idea2.2Put the words in the box into the table to make groups of verbs with similar meanings.Look at B opposite to help you.amendapprove2.3circulateredesignrefineISSUerevtsesign offsupersede1234changermprovesend outdistributeacceptagreereplaceChoose the correct words from the brackets to complete the sentences about drawings.
Lookat B opposite to help you.1 Has the drawing been revised, or is this the first (draft/refine)?23452.4This has been superseded. It's not the (current/preliminary) drawing.Has this drawing been signed off? Can they (circulate/work) to it in the factory?I still need to (comment/note) on the latest set of drawings.Construction can't start until the first (current/working) drawings have been issued.Complete the email using the correct forms of the words in the box. Look at B opposite tohelp you. The first one has been done for you.amendmentcurrentdraftISSUenoterevtswnsupersedeworkC)There seems to be a problem with dwg 1120, which you (1) ......... i ~.?..l:i.~~t .......yesterday. The drawing is marked as (2) ................................
C, but there are no(3) ................................ in the right-hand column detailing the (4) ................................made. And on the actual drawing, there are no visible differences from the first(5) ................................ . Has the (6) ................................ version (11208) been sentaccidently, incorrectly labelled as 1120C, instead of the new drawing? Pleaseadvise asap, as we are assuming this is not the (7) ................................
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