M. Hargittai, I. Hargittai - Symmetry through the Eyes of a Chemist (793765), страница 6
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Steven Weinberg interview in M. Hargittai, I. Hargittai, Candid Science IV:Conversations with Famous Physicists. Imperial College Press, London, 2004,pp. 20–31, pp. 29–30.39. Ibid.40. Gerard ‘t Hooft interview in Hargittai, Hargittai, Candid Science IV,pp. 110–141, p. 121.41. See, e.g., R. Feynman, The Character of the Physical Law, The MIT Press,Cambridge, MA, 1967.42. C. N. Young, “Symmetry and Physics.” In The Oskar Klein Memorial Lectures.Vol. 1: Lectures by C. N.
Yang and S. Weinberg with translated reprints byO. Klein. Ed. Gösta Ekspong, World Scientific, Singapore, 1991, pp. 11–33,p. 23.43. P. A. M. Dirac, “Forms of Relativistic Dynamics.” Rev. Mod. Phys. 1949, 21,392–399. See, also, R. H. Dalitz, R. Peierls, “Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac.”Biogr. Mem. Fellows Roy. Soc. 1986, 32, 137–185, p. 159.44. T. D. Lee, C. N. Yang, “Question of Parity Conservation in Weak Interactions.”Phys. Rev.
1956, 104, 254–258.45. C. S. Wu, E. Ambler, R. W. Hayward, D. D. Hoppes, R. P. Hudson, “Experimental test of parity conservation in beta decay.” Phys. Rev. 1957, 105,1413–1415; R. L. Garwin, L. Lederman, M. Weinrich, “Observations of theFailure of Conservation of Parity and Charge Conjugation in Meson Decays:the Magnetic Moment of the Free Muon.” Phys.
Rev. 1957, 105, 1415–1417;J. I. Friedman, V. L. Telegdi, “Nuclear Emulsion Evidence for Parity Nonconservation in the Decay Chain. + – + – e+ .” Phys. Rev. 1957, 105, 1681–1682.46. C.-S. Wu, “The Discovery of Nonconversation of Parity in Beta Decay.” InR. Novick, ed., Thirty Years since Parity Nonconservation: A Symposium forT. D. Lee. Birkhäser, Boston, 1988, pp. 18–35, p. 19.47. See, e.g., M.
Hargittai, “Fifty years of parity violation—and its long-rangeeffects.” Struct. Chem. 2006, 17, 455–457.48. R. Peierls, “Broken symmetries (Dirac Memorial Lecture, Cambridge, 15 June1992).” Contemp. Phys. 1992, 33, 221–226; p. 221.49. G. M. Edelman, Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of Mind. BasicBooks,1992, p.
199.50. A. V. Shubnikov, Simmetriya i antisimmetriya konechnykh figur, Izd. Akad.Nauk S.S.S.R., Moscow, 1951.51. H. S. M. Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, Third Edition, Dover Publications,New York, 1973.52. Ibid.53. H. Weyl, Symmetry. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1952,p. 3.54. K.
Mislow, P. Bickart, “An Epistemological Note on Chirality.” Israel J. Chem.1976/77, 15, 1–6.55. M. Scriven, “The Logic of Criteria.” J. Philos. 1959, 56, 857–868.References2356. Weyl, Symmetry, p. 65.57. R. G. Pearson, Symmetry Rules for Chemical Reactions, Orbital Topology andElementary Processes, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1976.58. See, e.g., H. Zabrodsky, D. Avnir, in Advances in Molecular Structure Research, M. Hargittai and I. Hargittai, eds., JAI Press, Greenwich,Connecticut, 1994; D. Avnir, O.
Katzenelson, S. Keinan, M. Pinsky, Y.Pinto, Y. Salomon, H. Zabrodsky Hel-Or, “The Leasurement of Symmetry andChirality: Conceptual Aspects.” In D. H. Rouvray, ed., Concepts in Chemistry:A Contemporary Challenge. Wiley, New York, 1996, pp. 283–324.59. E. P. Wigner, “City Hall Speech—Stockholm, 1963.” In E. P. Wigner, Symmetries and Reflections: Scientific Essays. Indiana University Press, Bloomington,Indiana, 1963, pp. 262–263.60. L. Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Cornell University Press, Ithaca,NY, 1939 (2 nd edition 1940, 3rd edition 1960).61. P.
Murray-Rust, in Computer Modelling of Biomolecular Processes,J. M. Goodfellow and D. S. Moss., eds., Ellis Horwood, New York, 1992.62. E. R. Scerri, The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford University Press, 2007.63. E. G. Mazurs, Graphic Representations of the Periodic System During OneHundred Years, The University of Alabama Press, University, Alabama, 1974.64. H. Erdmann, Lehrbuch der anorganischen Chemie, Dritte Auflage, F. Viewegund Sohn, Braunschweig, 1902.65. B. Hargittai, I. Hargittai, “Dmitrii I. Mendeleev: A Centennial.” StructuralChemistry 2007, 18, 253–255.66.
Erdman, Lehrbuch der anorganischen Chemie.67. C. A. Coulson, “Symmetry.” Chem. Britain 1968, 4, 113–120.Chapter 2Simple and Combined SymmetriesBeauty is the first test. . .Godfrey Harold Hardy [1]2.1. Bilateral SymmetryThe simplest and most common of all symmetries is bilateralsymmetry, yet at first sight, it does not appear as overwhelminglyimportant in chemistry as in our every-day life.
The human bodyhas bilateral symmetry, except for the asymmetric location of someinternal organs. A unique description of the symmetry of the humanbody is given by Thomas Mann in The Magic Mountain as HansCastorp is telling about his love to Clawdia Chauchat∗ [2]:How bewitching the beauty of a human body,composed not of paint or stone, but of living,corruptible matter charged with the secret fevers oflife and decay! Consider the wonderful symmetryof this structure: shoulders and hips and nipplesswelling on either side of the breast, and ribsarranged in pairs, and the navel centered inthe belly’s softness, and the dark sex betweenthe thighs.
Consider the shoulder blades movingbeneath the silky skin of the back, and the backbone in its descent to the paired richness of thecool buttocks, and the great branching of vessels∗This passage is in French in both the German original and English translation ofMann’s The Magic Mountain (see, References).M.
Hargittai, I. Hargittai, Symmetry through the Eyes of a Chemist, 3rd ed.,C Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5628-4 2, 25262 Simple and Combined Symmetriesand nerves that passes from the torso to the armsby way of the arm pits, and how the structure ofthe arms corresponds to that of the legs!Earlier, Mann discusses the symmetry of the human body in moredetail, stressing the harmony between its external appearance andinternal organization [3]:It leaned thus, turning to smile, the gleamingelbows akimbo, in the paired symmetry of its limbsand trunk.
The acrid, steaming shadows of thearmpits corresponded in a mystic triangle to thepubic darkness, just as the eyes did to the red,epithelial mouth-opening, and the red blossomsof the breast to the navel lying perpendicularlybelow. . .For Hans Castorp understood that this living body,in the mysterious symmetry of its blood-nourishedstructure, penetrated throughout by nerves, veins,arteries, and capillaries; with its inner frameworkof bones—marrow-filled tubular bones, bladebones, vertebræ—which with the addition of limehad developed out of the original gelatinoustissue and grown strong enough to support thebody weight; with the capsules and well-oiledcavities, ligaments and cartilages of its joints,its more than two hundred muscles, its centralorgans that served for nutrition and respiration,for registering and transmitting stimuli, its protective membranes, serous cavities, its glands rich insecretions; with the system of vessels and fissuresof its highly complicated interior surface, communicating through the body-openings with the outerworld—he understood that this ego was a livingunit of a very high order, remote indeed from thosevery simple forms of life which breathed, took innourishment, even thought, with the entire surfaceof their bodies.2.1.
Bilateral Symmetry27Figure 2-1. Egyptian sculpture from 2700 BCE (photograph by and courtesy ofLászló Vámhidy, Pécs, Hungary).The bilateral symmetry of the human body is emphasized by the staticcharacter of many Egyptian sculptures (Figure 2-1). Mobility anddynamism, however, do not diminish the impression of bilateralnessof the human body (Figure 2-2).Figure 2-2. Bilateral symmetry of the human body: Sculptures at the top of abuilding at Piccadilly Circus, London (photograph by the authors).282 Simple and Combined SymmetriesAlready Kepler noted in connection with the shape of the animalsthat the.
. .upper and lower depends on their habitat,which is the surface of the earth . . . The seconddistinction of front and back is conferred onanimals to put in practice motions that tend fromone place to another in a straight line over thesurface of the earth . . . bodily existence entailedthe third diameter, of right and left, should beadded, whereby an animal becomes so to speakdoubled [4].Bilateral symmetry is very common in the animal kingdom(Figure 2-3). It always appears when up and down as well as forwardand backward are different, whereas left-bound and right-boundmotion have the same probability.
As translational motion alonga straight line is the most characteristic for the vast majority ofanimals on Earth, their bilateral symmetry is trivial. This symmetryis characterized by a reflection plane, or mirror plane, and its usuallabel is m.Bilateral symmetry is found in some flowers, conspicuously, inorchids (Figure 2-4).
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