Rohsenow W., Hartnett J., Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer (776121), страница 2
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Transition from the English system of unitsto SI will proceed at a rational pace to accommodate the needs of the profession, industry, andthe public. The transition period will be long and complex, and duality of units probably willxix~tPREFACEbe demanded for at least one or two decades. Both SI and English units have been incorporated in this edition to the maximum extent possible, with the goal of making the handbookuseful throughout the world. In general, numerical results, tables, figures, and equations in thehandbook are given in both systems of units wherever presentation in dimensionless form isnot given.
In a few cases, some tables are presented in one system of units, mostly to savespace, and conversion factors are printed at the end of such tables for the reader's convenience.NOMENCLATUREAn attempt has been made by the editors to use a unified nomenclature throughout the handbook. Given the breadth of the technical coverage, some exceptions will be found. However,with few exceptions, one symbol has only one meaning within any given section. Each symbolis defined at the end of each section of the handbook. Both SI and English units are given foreach symbol in the nomenclature lists.INDEXThis edition provides a comprehensive alphabetical index designed to provide quick reference to information.
Taken together with the Table of Contents, this index provides quick andeasy access to any topic in the book.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe editors acknowledge the outstanding performance of the contributing authors. Theircooperation on the contents and length of their manuscripts and in incorporating all of thepreviously mentioned specifications, coupled with the high quality of their work, has resultedin a handbook that we believe will fulfill the needs of the engineering community for manyyears to come.
We also wish to thank the professional staff at McGraw-Hill Book Company,who were involved with the production of the handbook at various stages of the project, fortheir cooperation and continued support. The outstanding editorial work of Ms. StephanieLandis of North Market Street Graphics is gratefully acknowledged.The handbook is ultimately the responsibility of the editors. Care has been exercised tominimize errors, but it is impossible in a work of this magnitude to achieve an error-free publication. Accordingly, the editors would appreciate being informed of any errors so that thesemay be eliminated from subsequent printings.
The editors would also appreciate suggestionsfrom readers on possible improvements in the usefulness of the handbook so that these maybe included in future editions.W. M. RohsenowJ. E HartnettY. I. ChoCONTENTSContributors xviiPreface xixChapter 1. Basic Concepts of Heat Transfer1.1Heat Transfer Mechanisms / 1.1Conduction / 1.1Radiation / 1.3Convection / 1.4Combined Heat Transfer Mechanisms / 1.10Conservation Equations / 1.11The Equation of Continuity / 1.13The Equation of Motion (Momentum Equation) / 1.14The Energy Equation / 1.18The Conservation Equations for Species / 1.21Use of Conservation Equations to Set Up Problems / 1.22Dimensionless Groups and Similarity in Heat Transfer / 1.23Units and Conversion Factors / 1.29Nomenclature / 1.31References / 1.36Chapter 2.
Thermophysical Properties2.1Conversion Factors / 2.1Thermophysical Properties of Gases / 2.3Thermophysical Properties of Liquids / 2.26Thermophysical Properties of Solids / 2.46Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Refrigerants / 2.69Acknowledgment / 2.73Nomenclature / 2.73References / 2.73Selected Additional Sources of Thermophysical Properties / 2.?4Chapter 3. Conduction and Thermal Contact Resistances (Conductances)Introduction / 3.1Basic Equations, Definitions, and Relationships / 3.2Shape Factors / 3.3Shape Factors for Ellipsoids: Integral Form for Numerical Calculations / 3.11Shape Factors for Three-Dimensional Bodies in Unbounded Domains / 3.15Three-Dimensional Bodies with Layers: Langmuir Method / 3.19Shape Factors for Two-Dimensional Systems / 3.20Transient Conduction / 3.23Introduction / 3.23Internal Transient Conduction / 3.23Lumped Capacitance Model / 3.243.1viCONTENTSHeisler and Grober Charts--Single-Term Approximations / 3.24Multidimensional Systems / 3.25Transient One-Dimensional Conduction in Half-Spaces / 3.26External Transient Conduction from Long Cylinders / 3.28Transient External Conduction from Spheres / 3.29Instantaneous Thermal Resistance / 3.30Transient External Conduction from Isothermal Convex Bodies / 3.31Spreading(Constriction) Resistance / 3.34Introduction / 3.34Definitions of Spreading Resistance / 3.34Spreading Resistance of Isoflux Arbitrary Areas on Half-Space / 3.35Circular Annular Contact Areas on Half-Space / 3.36Doubly Connected Isoflux Contact Areas on Half-Space / 3.37Effect of Contact Conductance on Spreading Resistance / 3.38Spreading Resistance in Flux Tubes and Channels / 3.39Effect of Flux Distribution on Circular Contact Area on Half-Space / 3.39Simple Correlation Equations of Spreading Resistance for Circular Contact Area / 3.40Accurate Correlation Equations for Various Combinations of Contact Area, Flux Tubes,and Boundary Condition / 3.40General Spreading Resistance Expression for Circular Annular Area on Circular Flux Tube / 3.41Spreading Resistance Within Two-Dimensional Channels / 3.41Effect of Single and Multiple Layers (Coatings) on Spreading Resistance / 3.43Circular Contact Area on Single Layer (Coating) on Half-Space / 3.46Circular Contact Area on Multiple Layers on Circular Flux Tube / 3.47Transient Spreading Resistance / 3.48Transient Spreading Resistance of Isoflux Hyperellipse Contact Area on Half-Space / 3.49Transient Spreading Resistance of Isoflux Regular Polygonal Contact Area on Half-Space / 3.50Transient Spreading Resistance Within Semi-Infinite Flux Tubes and Channels / 3.50Contact, Gap, and Joint Resistances and Contact Conductances / 3.51Point and Line Contact Models / 3.51Thermal Contact, Gap, and Joint Conductance Models / 3.55Gap Conductance Model and Integral / 3.59Acknowledgments / 3.60Nomenclature / 3.60References / 3.67Chapter 4.
Natural ConvectionIntroduction / 4.1Basics / 4.1Equations of Motion and Their Simplification / 4.1Problem Classification / 4.5Heat Transfer Correlation Method / 4.6External Natural Convection / 4.12Flat Plates / 4.20Cylinders / 4.26Open Cavity Problems / 4.32Cooling Channels / 4.32Extended Surfaces / 4.36Natural Convection Within Enclosures / 4.40Introduction / 4.40Geometry and List of Parameters for Cavities Without Interior Solids / 4.40The Conduction Layer Model / 4.43Horizontal Rectangular Parallelepiped and Circular Cylinder Cavities / 4.44Heat Transfer in Vertical Rectangular Parallelepiped Cavities: 0 = 90 ° / 4.50Heat Transfer in Inclined Rectangular Cavities / 4.55Heat Tranfer in Enclosures with Interior Solids at Prescribed Temperature / 4.58Partitioned Enclosures / 4.604.1CONTENTSviiTransient Natural Convection / 4.63External Transient Convection / 4.63Internal Transient Convection / 4.66Natural Convection with Internal Generation / 4.68Internal Problems / 4.68Convection in Porous Media / 4.69Properties and Dimensionless Groups / 4.69External Heat Transfer Correlations / 4.71Internal Heat Transfer Correlations / 4.72Mixed Convection / 4.73External Flows / 4.73Internal Flows / 4.78Acknowledgments / 4.80Nomenclature / 4.80References / 4.87Chapter 5.
Forced Convection, Internal Flow in DuctsIntroduction / 5.1Scope of the Chapter / 5.1Characteristics of Laminar Flow in Ducts / 5.1Characteristics of Turbulent Flow in Ducts / 5.2Hydraulic Diameter / 5.3Fluid Flow Parameters / 5.3Heat Transfer Parameters / 5.4Thermal Boundary Conditions / 5.5Circular Ducts / 5.5Laminar Flow / 5.6Turbulent Flow / 5.18Transition Flow / 5.30Concentric Annular Ducts / 5.32Four Fundamental Thermal Boundary Conditions / 5.32Laminar Flow / 5.33Turbulent Flow / 5.50Parallel Plate Ducts / 5.59Laminar Flow / 5.59Turbulent Flow / 5.65Rectangular Ducts / 5.67Laminar Flow / 5.67Turbulent Flow / 5.72Triangular Ducts / 5.73Laminar Flow / 5.73Turbulent Flow / 5.78Elliptical Ducts / 5.82Laminar Flow / 5.82Turbulent Flow / 5.84Curved Ducts and Helicoidal Pipes / 5.84Fully Developed Laminar Flow / 5.85Developing Laminar Flow / 5.90Turbulent Flow in Coils with Circular Cross Sections / 5.90Fully Developed Laminar Flow in Curved, Square, and Rectangular Ducts / 5.91Fully Developed Turbulent Flow in Curved Rectangular and Square Ducts / 5.92Laminar Flow in Coiled Annular Ducts / 5.92Laminar Flow in Curved Ducts with Elliptic Cross Sections / 5.92Longitudinal Flow Between Cylinders / 5.93Laminar Flow / 5.93Fully Developed Turbulent Flow / 5.975.1viiiCONTENTSInternally Finned Tubes / 5.99Circular Ducts with Thin Longitudinal Fins / 5.100Square Ducts with Thin Longitudinal Fins / 5.101Rectangular Ducts with Longitudinal Fins from Opposite Walls / 5.101Circular Ducts with Longitudinal Triangular Fins / 5.101Circular Ducts with Twisted Tape / 5.102Semicircular Ducts with Internal Fins / 5.104Elliptical Ducts with Internal Longitudinal Fins / 5.104Other Singly Connected Ducts / 5.105Sine Ducts / 5.105Trapezoidal Ducts / 5.106RhombicDucts / 5.107Quadrilateral Ducts / 5.107Regular Polygonal Ducts / 5.107Circular Sector Ducts / 5.108Circular SegmentDucts / 5.108Annular Sector Ducts / 5.110Stadium-ShapedDucts / 5.111Moon-Shaped Ducts / 5.113Corrugated Ducts / 5.113Parallel Plate Ducts with Spanwise Periodic Corrugations at One Wall / 5.115Cusped Ducts / 5.116Cardioid Ducts / 5.117Unusual Singly Connected Ducts / 5.117Other Doubly Connected Ducts / 5.117Confocal Elliptical Ducts / 5.117Regular Polygonal Ducts with Centered Circular Cores / 5.118Circular Ducts with Centered Regular Polygonal Cores / 5.118Isosceles Triangular Ducts with Inscribed Circular Cores / 5.120Elliptical Ducts with Centered Circular Cores / 5.120Concluding Remarks / 5.120Nomenclature / 5.120References / 5.125Chapter 6.
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