Rohsenow W., Hartnett J., Young Cho. Handbook of Heat Transfer (776121), страница 12
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Denny, and A. E Mills, Transfer Processes: An Introduction to Diffusion, Convection, and Radiation, 2d ed., Hemisphere, Washington, DC, and McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979.W. C. Reynolds and H. C. Perkins, Engineering Thermodynamics, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York,1977.A. S. Foust, L. A. Wenzel, C. W.
Clump, L. Mans, and L. B. Andersen, Principles of Unit Operations,2d ed., Wiley, New York, 1980.E M. White, Viscous Fluid Flow, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974.BASIC CONCEPTS OF HEAT TRANSFER1.3']?16. B. Gebhart, Heat Transfer, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971.17. E. R. G. Eckert and R. M. Drake Jr., Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York,1972.18. V.
P. Isachenko, V. A. Osipova, and A. S. Sukomel, Heat Transfer, Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1977.19. S. Whitaker, Elementary Heat Transfer Analysis, Pergamon, New York, 1976.CHAPTER 2THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIESThomas F. Irvine Jr.State University of New York at Stony BrookW h e n organizing a chapter of thermophysical properties with limited space, some difficultdecisions have to be made. Since this is a h a n d b o o k for heat transfer practitioners, emphasishas b e e n placed on transport rather than t h e r m o d y n a m i c properties. The primary exceptionhas b e e n the inclusion of densities and isobaric specific heats, which are n e e d e d for the calculation of Prandtl n u m b e r s and thermal diffusivities.In the spirit of today's c o m p u t e r usage, a n u m b e r of gas properties are given in equationrather than tabular form.
However, they are accompani ed by skeleton tables to allow for program checks.Because new refrigerants are being considered and used in technical applications, a number of transport and t h e r m o d y n a m i c propert y tables are included for these substances.W h e n e v e r possible, the properties in this chapter are divided into those for gases, liquids,and solids.
There are unavoidable overlaps to this a r r a n g e m e n t when the tables account forphase changes such as in the case of water.CONVERSION FACTORSTABLE 2.1Conversion Factors for Units of Densitykg/m 3lbm/ft3kg/m 31lbm/~316.0185lbm/(U.K, gal) 99.7763lbm/(U.S, gal) 119.826slug]~ 3515.38g/cm31000t/m 31000U.K. ton/yd 3 1328.94U.S. ton/yd 3 1186.50.0624316.228847.4805232.174062.42862.42882.96374.075lbm/(U.K, gal) lbm/(U.S, gal)0.010020.1605411.200945.165310.022410.022413.31911.8928.3454.-30.133680.8326814.30118.345408.3454011.09059.9022slug/ft3g/cm3t/m 31.9403.-30.031080.193600.232511.94031.94032.57852.30230.0010.016020.099760.119830.51538111.32891.18650.0010.016020.099760.119830.51538111.32891.1865U.K. ton/yd 3 U.S.
ton/yd 37.5248.-41.2054.-27.5080.-29.0167.-20.434350.752500.7525010.892868.4278.-41.3500.-28.4090.-21.0099.-10.434350.842800.842801.1201The notation 8.3454.-3 signifies 8.3454 x 10-3.TABLE 2.2Conversion Factors for Units of Energyj o u l e (J)joule (J)ft-lbfcalthCallxliter.atmkJBtuhp.hkWhthermie11.355824.1844.1868101.32810001055.052.6845.+63.600.+64.184.+6ft.lbfcalth0.7375613.085963.0879874.735737.56778.161.98.+62.6557.+63.087.+60.239010.3240511.0006624.218239.01252.16641,617860,56410 6calyx0.238850.323840.99934124.202238.85252.00641,1978.6.+59.9934.+5liter.atm9.8690.-31.33205.-20.041290.0413219.8689610.412226,49435,5344.129.+3kJBtuhp-h10 -39.4783.-4 3.7251.-71.3558.-3 1.2851.-3 5.0505.-74 .
1 8 4 . - - 3 3.9657.--3 1.5586.--64.1868.-3 3.9683.-3 1.5596.-60.103259.6041.-2 3.7745.-510.947833.7251.-41.0550513.9301.-42684.522544.5136003412.81.341254.184.+33.9657.+3 1.5586kWh2.7773.-73.7655.-71.1620.-61.1628.-62.8142.-52.7773.-42.9302.-40.7455811.1620The notation 9.8690.-3, 4.184.+6 signifies 9.8690 x 10-3, 4.184 x 106.2.12.2CHAPTER TWOTABLE 2.3Conversion Factors for Units of MassgIbmkgslugU.S. ton (short ton)t (metric ton)U.K. ton (long ton)gIbmkgslug1453.592100014,593.9907,1851061,016,0472.2046.-312.2046232.174020002204.6222400.0010.45359114.5939907.18510001016.056.8522.-50.0310810.06852162.16268.521869.621U.S.
ton(short ton)t(metric ton)U.K. ton(long ton)1.1023.-60.00051.1023.-30.0160911.102311.1210-64.5359.-40.0010.014590.9071911.016049.8421.-74.4643.-49.8421.-40.014360.892860.984211The notation 2.2046.-3 signifies 2.2046 x 10-3.National Bureau of Standards Letter Circular 1071, 7 pp., 1976.Sourc~TABLE 2.4Conversion Factors for Units of Pressuredyn/cm a* N/m 2= Padyn/cm 2N/m 2lbf/ft2mmHgin (H20)in (Hg)lbf/in2kg/cm 2baratm110478.791333.222490.83386468,947980,6651061,013,2500.1147.879133.32249.083386.46894.798,067105101,325lbf/ftammHgin (H20)in (Hg)lbf/in2kg/cm 2baratm2.0886.-32.0886.-212.78455.202370.7271442048.22088.52116.27.5006.-47.5006.-30.3591311.868325.40051.715735.57750.067604.0148.-44.0148.-30.192210.53526113.59627.680393.71401.47406.792.9530.-52.9530.-41.4138.-20.039370.0735512.0360128.95929.53029.9211.4504.-51.4504.-46.9444.-30.019340.036130.49116114.22314.50414.6961.0197.-61.0197.-54.8824.-41.3595.-32.5399.-30.034530.0703111.019721.0332310-610-54.7880.-41.3332.-32.4908.-30.033860.068950.9806711.013259.8692.-79.8692.-64.7254.-41.3158.-32.4585.-30.033420.068050.967840.986921* 1 dyn/cm2= 1 microbar.The notation 2.0886.-3 signifies 2.0886 x 10-3.TABLE 2.5ft'lbf/lbmJ/gBtu/lbmcal/gTABLE 2.6Conversion Factors for Units of Specific Energyft'lbf/lbmJ/gBtu/lbmcal/g1334.54778.1614002.989.-312.3264.1841.285.-30.429911.87.143.--40.23880.55561Conversion Factors for Units of Specific Energy per Degree,,J/(g.
K)BtUth/(lbm"°F)caltn/(g" °C)B tuxT/(lbm"°F)calIT/(g" °C)J/(g. K)BtUth/(lb"°F)calth/(g" °C)BtU~T/(Ibm"°F)callv/(g" °C)14.1844.1844.18684.18680.23901111.000671.000670.23901111.000671.000670.238850.999330.99933110.238850.999330.9993311THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIESTABLE 2.72.3Conversion Factors for Units of Thermal ConductivityBtu.in/(h-ft2-°F) W/(m.K)Btu.in/(h.ft2.°F)W/(m-K)kcal/(h-m. °C)Btu/(h-ft.°F)W/(cm.K)cal/(s-cm-°C)Btu.in/(s.ft 2.°F)16.9388.0641269429033600kcal/(h-m.°C)Btu/(h-ft.°F)0.12400.860411.48886.04360446.70.083330.57820.6720157.82241.93000.144111.1621.730100418.4519.2W/(cm.K) cal/(s-cm.°C) Btu.in/(s.ft2.°F)1.441.-30.010.011620.0173014.1845.1923.445.-42.390.-32.778.-34.134.-30.239011.24022.777.-41.926.-32.240.-33.333.-30.19260.80631The notation 1.441.-3 signifies 1.441 x 10-3.TABLE 2.8micropoiselbm/(ft'h)centipoiseslug/(ft.h)poise (P)N.s/m 2Pa.slbm/(ft's)lbcs/ft 2Conversion Factors for Units of Dynamic Viscositymicropoiselbm/(ft'h)centipoiseslug/(ft.h)poise (P)N.s/m 2Pa.slbm/(S'ft)lbcs/ft 2141341041.3300.+51061071071.4882.+74.7880.+82.4191.-412.419132.174241.912419.12419.136001.1583.+510-40.4134113.300100100010001488.24.7880.+47.5188.-63.1081.-27.5188.-217.518875.18875.188111.89360010-64.1338.-30.010.13301101014.882478.8010-74.1338.-40.0011.3300.-20.1111.488247.88010-74.1338.-40.0011.3300.-20.1111.488247.8806.7197.-82.7778.-46.7197.-48.9372.-36.7197.-20.67200.6720132.1742.0885.-98.6336.-62.0885.-52.7778.-42.0835.-32.0885.-22.0885.-20.0310811 lbm/(ft'h)= 1 poundal-h/ft2; 1 P = 1 g/(cm-s).The notation 2.4191.-4,1.4882.+7 signifies 2.4191 x 10-4, 1.4882 x 107.TABLE 2.9ft2/hstokes (St)m2/hft2/sm2/sConversion Factors for Units of Kinematic Viscosityft2/hstokes (St)m2/hft2/sm2/s13.875010.76393.60038,7500.258112.7778929.0310,0000.09290.361334.4536002.778.-41.076.-32.990.-3110.76392.581.-510-42.778.-40.092901The notation 2.581.-5 signifies 2.581 x 10-5.1 stoke = 1 cm2/s.THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASESTable 2.10 treats the specific heats, d y n a m i c viscosities, and t h e r m a l conductivities as functions of t e m p e r a t u r e only.
To obtain the density of a gas, the perfect gas law m a y be used, i.e.,P=pRTF r o m the specific heat and density and using o t h e r given properties, the t h e r m a l diffusivityand P r a n d t l n u m b e r m a y be calculated.For each gas, s k e l e t o n tables of the p r o p e r t i e s are given at several t e m p e r a t u r e s so thatc o m p u t e r p r o g r a m checks can be made.TABLE 2.10Thermophysical Properties of Thirteen Common Gases Using Computer EquationsAirAt/mol wt (kg/mol): 28.966Gas constant (kJ/kg K): .287040At/mol formula: (mixture)Critical temperature (K): 132.6Critical pressure (MPa): 3.77cp = 2 [A(N)T N]A(0)A(1)A(2)A(3)A(4)k= 0.103409E+1= -0.2848870E-3= 0.7816818E-6= -0.4970786E-9= 0.1077024E-12= S'.[C(N)T N]Temperature range: 250 < T < 1050 KCoefficients:C(0) = -2.276501E-3C(1) = 1.2598485E-4C(2) = -1.4815235E-7C(3) = 1.73550646E-10C(4) = -1.066657E-13C(5) = 2.47663035E-17C(6) = 0.0~ = ~ [B(N)T N]Temperature range: 250 < T < 600 KTemperature range: 600 < T < 1050 KCoefficients:B(0) = -9.8601E-1B(1) = 9.080125E-2B(2) = -1.17635575E-4B(3) = 1.2349703E-7Coefficients:B(0) = 4.8856745B(1) = 5.43232E-2B(2) = -2.4261775E-5B(3) = 7.9306E-9B(4) = -5.7971299E-11B(5) = 0.0B(6) = 0.0B(4) = -1.10398E-12B(5) = 0.0B(6) = 0.0Skeleton tableT (K)Cp (kJ/kg K)~t (Ns/m 2) E6k (W/m K) E330050010001.00641.03171.141518.5326.8241.7726.0739.4867.21ArgonAt/mol wt (kg/mol): 39.948Gas constant (kJ/kg K): .208129At/mol formula: ArCritical temperature (K): 150.8Critical pressure (MPa): 4.87Sat temp at one atmosphere (K): 87.5c.
= E [A(N)T ~]k = y_ [C(N)T ~]Temperature range: 200 < T < 1600 KTemperature range: 200 < T < 1000 KCoefficients:A(0) =0.52034A(1) =0.0A(2) =0.0A(3) = 0.0Coefficients:C( 0 ) = -5.2839462 E-4C(1) = 7.60706705E-5C(2) = -6.4749393E-8C(3) = 5.41874502E-11A(4) =0.0A(5) =0.0A(6) =0.0C( 4 ) = -3.22024235 E- 14C(5) = 1.17962552E-17C(6) =-1.86231745E-21~t= y [B(N)T ~]Temperature range: 200 < T < 540 KTemperature range: 540 _< T < 1000 KCoefficients:B(0) = 1.22573B(1) = 5.9456964E-2B(2) = 1.897011E-4B(3) = -8.171242E-7Coefficients:B(0) = 4.03764B(1) = 7.3665688E-2B(2) = -3.3867E-5B(3) = 1.127158E-8B(4) = 1.2939183E-9B(5) = -7.5027442E-13B(6) = 0.0B(4) = -1.585569E-12B(5) =0.0B(6) = 0.0Skeleton tableT (K)Cp (kJ/kg K)~t (Ns/m 2) E6k (W/m K) E330050010000.52030.52030.520322.7333.6653.5217.6926.4242.71Extracted from Ref. 4 with permission.E-2 signifies xl0 -2, etc.2.4TABLE 2.10Thermophysical Properties of Thirteen Common Gases Using Computer Equations(Continued)n-ButaneAt/mol wt (kg/mol): 58.124Gas constant (kJ/kg K): .143044At/mol formula: C4H10Critical temperature (K): 408.1Critical pressure (MPa): 3.65Sat temp at one atmosphere (K): 261.5cp= Y~[A(N)T N]Temperature range: 280 < T < 755 KTemperature range: 755 < T < 1080 KCoefficients:A(0) = 2.3665134E-1A(1) = 5.10573E-3A(2) = -4.16089E-7A(3) = -1.1450804E-9Coefficients:A(0) = 4.40126486A(1) = -1.390866545E-2A(2) = 3.471109E-5A(3) = -3.45278E-8A(4) = 0.0A(5) =0.0A(6) = 0.0A(4) = 1.619382E-11A(5) = -2.966666E-15A(6) = 0.0k= ~ [C(N)T N]B = ~ [B(N)T N]Temperature range: 270 < T < 520 KTemperature range: 280 < T < 500 KCoefficients:B(0) = -1.099487E-2B(1) = 2.634504E-2B(2) = -3.54700854E-6B(3) =0.0Coefficients:C(0) = 3.79912E-3C(1) = -3.38011396E-5C(2) = 3.15886537E-7C(3) = -2.25600514E-10B(4) = 0.0B(5) = 0.0B(6) = 0.0C(4) = 0.0C(5) = 0.0C(6) = 0.0Skeleton tableT (K)Cp(kJ/kg K)~t (Ns/m 2) E6k (W/m K) E330050010001.7002.5423.9037.57312.27--16.0037.67Carbon dioxideAt/mol wt (kg/mol): 44.01Gas constant (kJ/kg K): .188919At/mol formula: CO2Critical temperature (K): 304.1Critical pressure (MPa): 7.38Sat temp at one atmosphere (K): 194.7B= S'.
[B(N)T N]cp = E [A(N)T N]Temperature range: 200 ___T < 1000 KTemperature range: 200 < T < 1000 KCoefficients:A(0) = 4.5386462E-1A(1) = 1.5334795E-3A(2) = -4.195556E-7A(3) = -1.871946E-9Coefficients:B(0) = -8.095191E-1B(1) = 6.0395329E-2B(2) = -2.824853E-5B(3) = 9.843776E-9A(4) = 2.862388E-12A(5) =-1.6962E-15A(6) = 3.717285E-19B(4) = -1.47315277E-12B(5) =0.0B(6) = 0.0k= ~'.
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