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Perhaps you would’t mind Richard’s coming in? – Может быть, вы не будете возражать против того, чтобы вошел Ричард?
Aunt Augusta won’t quite approve of your being here. – Тетя Августа будет не очень довольна тем, что вы здесь (15, 181 – 182).
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The gerund as an attribute.
In this function the gerund is always preceded by a preposition.
There are different ways of solving this problem. – Существуют разные способы решения этой проблемы.
We discussed different methods of teaching foreign languages. – Мы обсуждали разные методы изучения иностранных языков.
He has no objection to being sent there. – У него нет возможностей, что его туда послали (7, 254).
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The gerund as an adverbial modifier.
In this function the gerund is always preceded by a preposition. It is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of time, manner, attendant circumstances, cause, condition, purpose and concession; the most common functions are those of adverbial modifiers of time, manner and attendant circumstances.
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As an adverbial modifier of time the gerund is preceded by the prepositions after, before, on, upon, in, or at.
After leaving her umbrella in the hall, she entered the living room. – Оставив зонтик в передней, она вошла в гостиную.
He was to have three days at home before going back to farm. – Он должен был пробыть три дня дома, прежде чем возвратиться на ферму.
Clare turned at hearing her footsteps… - Услышав ее шаги, Клер оглянулся.
NOTE. – In the function of an adverbial modifier of time gerund sometimes competes with the participle.
George, on hearing the story, grinned. – Джордж, услышав эту историю, усмехнулся.
The four girls, hearing him speak in the hall, rushed out of the library. – Все четыре девочки, услышав, что он говорит в передней, выбежали из библиотеки.
After reaching the second landing… I heard a sound of quiet, and regular breathing on my left-hand side. – Дойдя до второй площади лестницы, … я услышал с левой стороны спокойное и ровное дыхание.
Reaching the door of the room occupied by Cowperwood and Aileen, she tapped lightly. – Дойдя до двери комнаты, которую занимали Каупер Вуд и Эллин, она тихонько послушала.
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As an adverbial modifier of manner the gerund is used with the preposition by or in.
She startled her father by bursting into tears. – Она напугала своего отца тем, что расплакалась.
The day was spent in packing. – День прошел за упаковкой вещей.
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As an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances the gerund is preceded by the preposition without.
She was not brilliant, not active, but rather peaceful and statuesque without knowing it. – Это была женщина не блестящая, не энергичная, но очень спокойная и величественная, сама того не зная.
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As an adverbial modifier of purpose, the gerund is chiefly used with the preposition for.
… one side of the gallery was used for dancing. - … одна сторона галереи использовалась для танцев.
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As an adverbial modifier of condition the gerund is preceded by the preposition without.
He has no right to come bothering you and papa without being invited. – Он не имеет права приходить и беспокоить вас и отца, если его не приглашают.
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As an adverbial modifier of clause the gerund is used with the preposition for, for fear of, owing to.
I feel the better myself for having spent a good deal of time abroad. – Я чувствую себя лучше от того, что долго прожил за границей.
I dared not attend the funeral for fear of making a fool of myself. – Я не смел, присутствовать на похоронах, так как боялся поставить себя в глупое положение.
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As an adverbial modifier of concession the gerund is preceded by the preposition in spite of.
In spite of being busy, he did all he could to help her. – Несмотря на занятость, он сделал все, чтобы помочь ей.
The above examples show that the gerund preceded by one and the some preposition may be used in different functions: with the preposition without, it may be perform the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances and of condition; with the preposition in, it may be perform the function of an adverbial modifier of time and of manner; with the preposition for, it may perform the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose or of cause.
NOTE. – The Russian не + деепричастие may correspond to the English without + Gerund or not + Participle. It usually corresponds to not + Participle if it’s used in the function of an adverbial modifier of cause.
Не зная адреса мисс Бетти, Давид не мог ей написать. – Not knowing Miss Betsey’s address, David could not write to her (CAUSE).
If нет + деепричастие is used in the function of adverbial modifiers of attendant circumstances and of condition, it generally corresponds to without + Gerund.
Давид уехал из Лондона, никому ничего не сказав. – David left London without telling anybody about it (ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCES) (15, 183 – 184).
Section III. The gerund and other verbals
3.1 The gerund and the infinitive
With a number of verbs and word-groups both the gerund and the infinitive may be used. The most important of them are: to be afraid, to begin, to cease, to continue, can (cannot) afford, to dread, to fear, to forget, to hate, to intend, to like (to dislike), to neglect, to prefer, to propose, to remember, to recollect, to start, to stop.
The young man began turning aver the pages of a book. – Молодой человек начал переворачивать страницы книги.
At length she began to speak softly. – Наконец она начала говорить мягко.
She continued standing near the piano. – Она продолжала стоять у пианино.
She continued to look at him… – Она продолжала смотреть на него…
It is sometimes possible to find a reason for the use of a given form. With some verbs and word-groups, such as to be afraid, to forget, to hate, to like, to prefer the infinitive is mostly used with reference to a special occasion, the gerund being more appropriate to a general statement.
The child was afraid of remaining alone, but he was afraid of to remain along or such a stormy night. – Ребенок не боялся остаться один в такую бурную ночь.
Don’t forget shutting the windows when you leave home. – Не забывай закрывать окна, уходя из дому.
I don’t like interrupting people. – Я не люблю отрывать людей от дела.
I don’t like to interrupt him, he seems very busy. – Мне не хочется мешать ему, он, кажется, очень занят.
I was always afraid losing his goodwill. – Я всегда боялся потерять его расположение.
Gwen olden answered rather pettishly, and her mamma was afraid to say more. – Гвендолен ответила несколько раздраженно, и ее мыть побоялась продолжать разговор (15, 179).
With the verb to remember the infinitive usually refers to the future, and the gerund to the past.
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I shall always remember meeting you for the first time (= remember what one has done, or what has happened). – Я всегда буду помнить, как мы встретились впервые.
Remember to go to the post office, won’t you? (= Remember what you have to do). – Не забудь зайти на почту.
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To forget.
I shall never forget seeing the Queen. – Я никогда не забуду, как я видел королеву.
She is always forgetting to give me my letters. – Она всегда забывает отдавать мне мои письма.
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To stop.
I really must stop smoking (= stop what one is doing, or does). – Мне действительно нужно прекратить курить.
Every half hour I stop work to smoke a cigarette (= make a break or pause in order o do something). – Каждые полчаса я прерываю работу, чтобы покурить.
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To go on + Ving.
How long do to intend to go on playing those records? – Как долго ты намереваешься слушать эти пластинки?
to go on + Inf.
He welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations. – Он поприветствовал новых студентов и приступил к объявлению правил колледжа.
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To regret + Ving.
I don’t regret telling her what I thought, even if it upset her. - Я не сожалею, что сказал ей том, что думаю, даже если это огорчило ее.
To regret + Inf.
I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you employment. – Я сожалею, но должен сообщить вам, что мы не можем принять вас на работу (5, 160).
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The gerund and the participle
In most cases the differentiation between the gerund and the participle does not present any difficulty.
Unlike the participle the gerund may be preceded by a preposition, it may be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun; it can be used in the function of a subject, object and predicative. In the function of an attribute and of an adverbial modifier both the gerund and the participle may be used, but the gerund in these functions always proceeded by a preposition.
There are cases, however, when the differentiation between the gerund and the participle presents some difficulty; for instance, it is not always easy to distinguish between a gerund as part of a compound noun and a participle as an attribute to a noun. One should bear in mind that if we have a gerund as part of a compound noun, the person or thing denoted by the noun does not perform the action expressed by the ing-form: e.g. a dancing-hall (a hall for dancing), a cooking stove (a stove for cooking), walking shoes, a writing-table etc.
If we have participle used as an attribute the person denoted by the noun performs the action expressed by the ing-form: e.g. a dancing girl (a girl who dances), a singing child etc.
However, there are cases which admit of two interpretations; for example a sewing machine, may be understood in two ways: a machine for sewing and a machine which sews; a hunting dog may be a dog for hunting and a dog that hunts(34 – 35).
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The gerund and the verbal noun
The gerund should not be confused with the verbal noun, which has the same suffix -ing. The main points of difference between the gerund and the verbal noun are as follows.
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Like all the verbals the gerund has a double character - nominal and verbal. – The verbal noun has only a nominal character.
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The gerund is not used with an article. – The verbal noun may be used with an article.
The making of a new humanity cannot be the privilege of a handful of bureaucrats. – Совершение нового человечества не может быть привилегией пригоршни бюрократов.
I want you to give my hair a good brushing. – Я хочу, чтобы ты хорошо причесала мои волосы.
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The gerund has no plural form. – The verbal noun may be used in the plural.
Our likings are regulated by our circumstances. – Наши совпадения во вкусах зависят от обстоятельств.
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The gerund of a transitive verb takes a direct object.
He received more and more letters, so many that he had given up reading them. – Он поучал все больше и больше писем, так много, что он бросил их читать. – A verbal noun cannot take a direct object; it takes a prepositional object with the preposition of. Meanwhile Gwendolyn was rallying her nerves to the reading of the paper. – А тем временем Гвендолен действовала ей на нервы читая бумагу.
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The gerund may be modified by an adverb.
Drinking, even temperately, was a sin. – Даже выпивка по праздникам считается грехом. – The verbal noun may be modified by an adjective. Tom took a good scolding about scolding Sid. – Тома хорошо поругали за то, что он побил камнями Сида.
Not having the verbal meanings, the verbal noun doesn’t have the form of tenses and doesn’t express any voice. After the verbal noun the direct object can’t exist.
They started the loading of the ship. – Они приступили к погрузке судна.
NOTE. – One should notice that the noun is formed not from all verbs due to suffix -ing. The noun can be formed by other methods:
| To manufacture – производить; | Manufacture – производство; |
| To produce – производить; | Production – производство; |
| To sell – продавать; | Sale – продажа; |
| To ship – отгружать; | Shipment – отгрузка (9, 262). |
Section 4 Comparison of the English gerund and its equivalents in Russian
I’ve analyzed the gerund in Russian translations of the book by C.S. Lewis “The Silver Chair” (19), and “The Lion, the Which and the Wardrobe” (20).
I’ve found the translation of these books by Shaposhnikova and Ostrovskaya. These books are under the edition of N.Trauberg (19; 20). One can see that the authors of the translation used a free technique of translation without paying any attention to the grammar and Russian equivalents. At first I’d like to consider the translation of the gerund, which is rendered by other Russian parts of speech (21; 22). There are:
Without speaking – молчание,
for looking while – победил,
for not liking – не любит,
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