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B. It’s 4 below zero.

A. Let’s go to the scating-ring.

B. I’m sorry, I’m busy.

A. What a pity!

Образование множественного числа существительных греческого и латинского происхождения.

Единственное число		Множественное число
datum[`deitm]	данная величина	data [`deit]
addendum[`dendm]	добавление	addenda [`dend]
erratum[i`reitm]	ошибка (опечатка)	errata [i`reit]
memorandum [mem`r ndm]	меморандум	memoranda [mem`r nd]
phenomenon[fi`nminn]	явление	phenomena [fi`nmin]
criterion[krai`tirin]	критерий	criteria [krai`tiri]
basis[`beisis]	базис	bases [`beisi:z]
crisis[`kraisis]	кризис	crises [`kraisi:z]
analysis[`n lisis]	анализ	analyses [`n lisi:z]
thesis[`i:sis]	диссертация	theses [`i:si:z]
stimulus[`stimjuls]	стимул	stimuli [`stimjulai]
index[`indks]	индекс,	indexes [`indkss]
	указатель	indices [`indisi:z]
apparatus[p`reits]	аппарат	apparatus [p`reits]

9. Read the text and retell it in Russian:

Science and Technology in Britain

Since the first artificial splitting of the atom at Cambridge, in 1932, by Sir John Cockcroft and Dr. E. T. S. Walton, Britain's nuclear scientists have made continuous progress in harnessing atomic energy. Today eight commercial nuclear power stations are supplying electricity for factories and homes and others are being built. Some of Britain's top scientists are engaged in space research on projects such as upper atmosphere probes with British-built rockets at Woomera, Australia, and inwork on satellite communications. Others are making vital discoveries in the laboratory into the very nature of life itself.

Britain is pre-eminent in radio astronomy and in many fields of electronics including miniaturisation. one of the most important factors in the electronics revolution, and in radar for marine and aviation purposes. Much basic work was done in Britain on electronic computers. British advances in medicine include penicillin and other antibiotics, such as cephalosporins, heart-lung machines, a new anti-viral agent, Interferon, of great potential value and many other important developments in the treatment of disease.

British contributions to science include many great discoveries linked with famous names - Sir Isaac Newton (theory of gravitation), Robert Boyle ("the father of modern chemistry"), Michael Faraday (whose discoveries gave rise to the electrical industry), and Henry Cavendish (properties of hydrogen). In the present century - J. J. Thomson, Lord Rutherford and Sir James Chadwick (basic work on nuclear science), Gowland Hopkins (the existence of vitamins), Sir William Bragg (X-ray analysis), and many others. Medicine owes much to such pioneers as William Harvey (circulation of the blood), Edward Jenner (vaccination), Joseph Lister (antiseptics). Sir Ronald Ross (who proved the relation between malaria and mosquitoes).

Since 1945 there have been 27 British scientists who have received international recognition for their work by gaining Nobel awards. There are over 200 learned scientific societies in Britain. In ten years Britain has doubled her total number of qualified scientists.

10. Translate English jokes:

Which of You Three?

A. - Hallo? Is that Ted Wells?

B. - Yes. Who is speaking?

A. - Sam.

B. - Who? I don’t hear.

A. - I say Sam: Sid, Ada, Mary. Do you hear?

B. - Yes, I do. But which of three is speaking?

Mother: Well, what is Mary doing?

Jane: Well, if the ice is as thick as she thinks, she is skating, but if the ice is as thin as I think, she is swimming.

Unit 8

Grammar: 1. Правила согласования времен. Косвенная речь.

2. Future-in-the-Past.

3. Бессоюзные определительные предложения.

4. This-these, that-those как заменители ранее стоящего существительного.

I. Language Practice

1. Practise the fluent reading and correct intonation:

`Are you `going to the shop?

Yes, I am. No, I am not.

`Are you `waiting for a taxi or for a bus.

I am `waiting for a bus.

`What are you doing?

I am `reading a magazine.

`What `magazine are you reading?

I am `reading an `English magazine.

`Where are you going?

I am `going to the theatre.

`Who is `going to the theatre with you?

My `friend is.

`Why are you sitting here?

I’m `sitting because I’m tired.

`What were you `doing when I `came in?

I was `looking for my `new slides.

2. Listen to the speaker; read and memorize the following words and phrases:

1. hardware store - магазин скобяных товаров

2. sophomore [`sfm:] - студент-второкурсник

3. stock - склад

4. job market - рынок труда

5. supervisor - контролер

6. employee [empli`i:] - служащий

7. inventory - инвентаризация

8. skill - умение, практический опыт

9. to hint - намекать

10. establish - основывать

11. loan - кредит

12. labor coast - издержки на оплату рабочей силы

13. in the long run - впоследствии

14. promotion - продвижение по службе

15. incentive - стимул

Text A. How Competition Benefits Us All.

In a competitive market, producers constantly strive to reduce their production costs as a way to increase profits. The increased efficiency that allows them to reduce their costs also enables producers to sell their goods at a lower price. Thus, by promoting efficiency, competition leads to lower prices.

Competition also motivates producers to improve the quality and increase the variety of goods and services. Consumers soon learn which brand offers the best value, and that firm will earn greater profits than its competitors. Similarly, producers in a competitive market must constantly look for new and attractive goods and services to win a larger share of the market.

As firms compete for consumer’s dollar in a market, their efforts lead to the production of a variety of better-quality products at the lowest possible prices. And since we are all consumers, it follows that competition benefits us all.

Text B. Competition in Many Markets: An Example.

On weekends during the school year and in the summer, David Scott works in a small local hardware store. When he began his job, as a sophomore, he was a stock clerk, and he thought himself lucky to have any job. Each year there had been a lot of competition for jobs in his city, especially in May and June when college students entered the local job market. In the spring of his senior year David decided to be more selective about where he worked and how much he earned. He decided to ask his boss for a raise to become a supervisor of the younger employees at the store.

He told his boss that since he learned the computer-assisted inventory and ordering system and other special skills he was more valuable, and should be paid accordingly. He hinted that he might seek employment elsewhere. Another store in town was advertising for someone with his skills.

David’s boss, Jay Richards, the entrepreneur who had established the small hardware store two years earlier, faced competition every day. Since starting his business, he had been in competition with other buyers and sellers in the marketplace. He competed with other buyers when he purchased the land for his store. He competed with other borrowers when he applied for his bank loan. He competed every week for the best deals on the goods he bought from his wholesalers. Jay knew that he also had to compete for customers with other hardware stores.

One of his major expenses was labor. He had to keep his labor costs down to meet his other expenses and earn a profit. He knew that David would cost him more, but he decided to pay him the higher wage because David had acquired skills that made him more productive. Jay reasoned that David’s experience and knowledge would help the business to save money in the long run.

Supply and Demand.

David was also free to sell his labor somewhere else. He could have competed with others for another job. From the newspaper ad he knew at least one other job was available. Maybe there were others. He wasn’t sure. He also wasn’t sure about the supply of other workers with his skills. He wondered whether he would get the raise and promotion if there were lots of people who could do the job.

David’s boss was also free to interview and hire other workers. In their own ways David and Jay were both trying to get what each thought would be best. They were competing.

Profit Motive and Competition.

Competition drives Jay Richards to do what he can to reduce costs and increase sales in order to increase profits. Of course, his competitors will be doing this too. They also want to earn the greatest profits. The profit motive (the efforts to maximize profits) is free enterprise’s most important incentive.

II. Exercises on the Text:

3. Text A. Give English equivalents to:

производители пытаются сократить издержки производства; дает возможность производителям продавать свои товары; путем повышения эффективности; конкуренция побуждает производителей; эта фирма получит большую прибыль; искать новые и привлекательные товары и услуги; конкуренция приносит пользу всем нам.

4. Text B. Ask questions for these answers (work in pairs):

1. David Scott usually works on weekends during the school year in summer.

2. He was a stock clerk.

3. It was in May and June because college students entered the local job market.

4. He was going to become a supervisor of the younger employees at the store.

5. He learned the computer-assisted inventory and ordering system and other special things.

6. Another store in town was advertising for someone with his skills.

7. He had established the small hardware store two years earlier.

8. He had been in competition with other buyers and sellers.

9. When he purchased the land for his store.

10. Yes, he did. He competed with other borrowers.

11. Yes, he did. He knew that he also had to compete for customers.

12. Because David had acquired skills that made him more productive.

5. Combine the words into sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1. could, his labor, David, else, sell, somewhere.

2. one other job, knew, from the newspaper ad, he, was available, at least.

3. who, there, many people, were, the same job, do, could.

4. entrepreneurs, always, and, competing, employees, are.

5. wanted, to reduce, in order to increase, Jay Richards, costs, and, profits, increase sales.

6. incentive, the profit motive, most important, is free, enterprise’s.

III. Grammar Exercises

1. I hope your friend will come and see us on Sunday.

2. I hoped...

3. This statistician thinks he will get the latest data.

4. This statistician thought...

5. My friend is sure his profession is better than mine.

6. My friend was sure...

7. I think they televise international economic events.

8. I thought...

9. The manager believes that the work was done thoroughly.

10. The manager believed ... and so he didn’t check it himself.

11. Mother was sure that her son made good progress at the institute.

12. Mother was sure ... since the holiday.

13. We are afraid the firm won’t earn great profits.

14. We were afraid...

15. I am happy they call me up now and then.

16. I was happy...

7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Sequence of Tenses:

1. I asked Mr. Olegov where he lived.

2. He said that he lived in Moscow.

3. He told me that he worked at a large plant and described where the plant was.

4. I told him that I knew the plant because I had worked there for about two years.

5. I said that I didn’t work there any longer because I was studying at the Institute of Finance and Economics.

6. Mr. Olegov asked me if I knew the economists working at the plant.

7. I told him that I knew most of them.

8. He told me that the plant had greatly increased its production and was producing almost three times more goods than four years ago.

9. The other day the manager was asked if he would introduce the new machine constructed by one of the workers with the help of the engineers.

10. He answered that he would do it as soon as the tests were completed.

Indirect Speech.

При обращении прямой речи в косвенную происходит следующая замена наречий места, времени и указательных местоимений.

Direct Speech		Indirect Speech
now	сейчас	then	тогда
here	здесь	there	там
this, these	это, этот, эти	that/those	тот, то, те
today	сегодня	that day	в этот день
tomorrow	завтра	(the) next day, the following day	на следующий день
yesterday	вчера	the day before, the previous day	накануне
next week/year	на следующей неделе/на будущий год	the next week/ year	на следующей неделе/в следующем году
last week	на прошлой неделе	the previous week	за неделю до
last year	в прошлом году	the year before	за год до

Special Questions

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He asks me, «Where do you live?»	He asks (me) where I live.
He asked her, «Where does your father work?»	He asked her where her father worked.
He asked me, «Where did your father work?»	He asked me where my father had worked.

General Questions

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He asks me, «Are you a worker?»	He asks me if I am a worker.
He asked me, «Are you a worker?»	He asked (me) if I was a worker.
He asked her, «Were you a student?»	He asked (her) if she had been a student.

8. Put the verbs in brackets into their correct forms:

1. I thought that you (to arrive) at some decision.

Характеристики

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