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Эскиз 1) расм ёки суратнинг дастлабки, тахминий, хомаки нусхаси, номунаси; 2) бирор нарсани ясашга, куришга асос буладиган сурати ёки лойихаси.
Scrutiny (‘skru:tini) n. тщательное изучение or рассмотрение; under sub: s под чьим‑н. наблюдение.
Couuterpart (‘kjuntepl: t) n (of person) коллега (of document etc.) копия.
Integrate v: t (‘intigrei: t) интегрировать
v:t (groups, individuals) объединяуеься.
Integral (‘intigrol) adj. (feature, element) неотъемлемый (неотъемлем) n (math) интеграл.
Improse v:t (sanetions, vestrictions, discipline ete) налогать, наложить v:t to on smb. навязываться (навязаться) кому-нибудь.
Seclusion (si’klu:sen) уединения;
in в уединении.
token n (sign, souvenir) знак; (substitution coin) жесток.
adj (strike, payment ete) символический;
by the same (tig) по той же причине;
book gift (Brit) книжный / подорочный талон
record (brit) талон на пластинку.
expan d (ed) vt (areo, business, influence) расширять
(numbers) увеличивать; (gas, metal, business) расширеться; (population) увеличиваться.
to on (story, ideo ete) подробно разъеснять.
aftnity (efiniti) n to have an with (bond) ощущать близость с;
(resemblance) обноруживать родство с.
insight (into) понимание to gain an into smith вникать в что-нибудь.
surveyor (se’veie) n (of land) топограф (of house) инспектор
sojourn (‘sodse:n) пребивание;
abort (ed) vt (plan, activity) прекрещать;
(comput) преривать; med to a baby делать
valent
multiple (‘m ltipl) adj (injuries) многочисленный;
(interests) разнообразный n (natn) кратное число;
(Brit) also stove филиал сети (магазинов); collision столкновение нескольких автомобилей.
Suspense (ses’pens) n (uncertainty) тревога, ожидания;
(in film etс) подвешенном состоянии напряжении. to keep smb. In держать кого-нибудь в.
Walt (Walter) Whitman (1819–1892)
The American poet – democrat and publicist Walt (Walter) Whitman (1819–1892) was the first who stood to support – realism in the USA. He was born to the family of a farmer in a village on the long – Island, which is now a part of New York. Later the family moved to Brooklyn – in the suburbs of New York. Having no opportunity to finish high school, Walt still a youth had to earn a living. He worked as a messenger and then as an apprentice (learner) in a printing – house.
The great poet of America was self – taught. He gained wide knowledge and became a well – educated person. He reached the top of poetry thanks to his self – motivated reading. Whitman fought for the interests of working people in new conditions. In the 40’s he turned to journalism and wrote for the newspapers of Brooklyn.
In 1846 he became an editor of the large democratic newspaper «Brooklyn Daily Eagle». He worked there for two years (which coincided with the Mexican War 1846–1848).
Whitman was against the Mexican – American war (predatory war was a predatory war in American history) and one of his editorials – leading articles ended with the statement that the war should be put to an end.
Returning to Brooklyn at the close of 1848, Whitman edited the newspaper «A Free Man» where he continued his persistent struggle against slave – owners and their accomplices.
When he had to leave his post at the newspaper he became a carpenter. Whitman’s best friends were workers, drivers of vans and omnibuses, sailors and fishermen. A barbarian law about returning runaway slaves enacted in 1850 under the pressure of the slave – owners caused an explosion of indignation from common Americans and these events avoided Whitman’s muse. In his poems. The «Song of the Flabbiness», «Bloody Money», «Killed in the House of Friends». he expresses his anger against slave – owners and their accomplices.
In 1855, as an unemployed journalist he collected a little volume of poems and rhymes called «Leaves of Grass». The roofs of his poetry went into an American folklore. He found support in American humor and wrote in blank – verse.
Whitman perceived all characteristic qualities of humor and folklore: boundless exaggeration (overstatement), cosmic seals, social criticism, Davie Croquet’s good Natured boasting and Paul Bangan’s heroic inspiration (enthusiasm).
Whitman states that all people are equal, class and racial prejudices should be swept aside.
In the first chapter of the poem «Song of Myself» Whitman writes:
I celebrate myself, and sing myself…
The poetical «I» of Walt Whitman is common man, man in general. Whitman’s heart is open to everybody. The poet expresses his heartfelt feelings and love towards the working people. He merges (combines) with the people.
The poem «Song of Myself» turns into a hymn to a man of labor. But its philosophical meaning is wider, that is, a hymn to life on the earth.
In «Leaves of Grass» he raises his voice against slavery – the shame of America.
In «Boston Ballad» Whitman castigates the American bourgeoisie who accepted a low about fugitive agvols. In his pamphlet, «The 18th Presidential Elections», (1856) the poet analyses the political systems of the USA and shows that the dreams of Americans for freedom and democracy have nothing to do with social system of America. Whitman criticizes both Republicans and Democrats.
Whitman understands that the Americans people, who won a victory over the slave – owning fourth only to find themselves in a new servitude into the slavery of monopolies. About it he spoke in his treatise «Democratic Vistas» (1871). This is a manifesto for the defense of realism.
The poet condemns the spirit of gain that the crisis, about American democracy of seared America he speaks about. One of the signs of the decay was the ground, which sometimes takes place during elections.
Whitman states that there exists a deep abyss between literature and life. Whitman bibber Americans criticism of what he was the evils of capitalist America. The works of American writers states the poet, have to give strength to a man new forces – energy «they have to show vitalaims – goals».
Whitman defends the demands of the ideological content of art.
New literature, according to Whitman, must show not only the present but also must give a man perspectives of the future.
Whitman’s poetry is original and unique. Ancient literature of the East also served Whitman as one of the sources of inspiration.
Emily Dickinson (1830–1886)
Emily Dickinson (1830–1886) was an American lyrical poet, and an obsessively private writer – only seven of her some 1800 poems were published during her lifetime. Dickinson withdrew from social contact at the age of 23 and devoted herself in secret into writing.
Dickinson was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, to a family well known for educational and political activity. Her father, an orthodox Calvinist, was a lawyer and treasurer of Amherst College, and also served in Congress. She was educated at Amherst Academy (1834–47) and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (1847–48). Around 1850 Dickinson started to write poems, first in fairly conventional style, but after ten years of practice she began to give room for experiments. From c. 1858 she assembled many of her poems in packets of 'fascicles', which she bound herself with needle and thread.
After the Civil War Dickinson restricted her contacts outside Amherst to exchange of letters, dressed only in white and saw few of the visitors who came to meet her. In fact, most of her time she spent in her room. Although she lived a secluded life, her letters reveal knowledge of the writings of John Keats, John Ruskin, and Sir Thomas Browne. Dickinson's emotional life remains mysterious, despite much speculation about a possible disappointed love affair. Two candidates have been presented: Reverend Charles Wadsworth, with whom she corresponded, and Samuel Bowles, editor of the Springfield Republican, to whom she addressed many poems.
After Dickinson's death in 1886, her sister Lavinia brought out her poems. She co-edited three volumes from 1891 to 1896. Despite its editorial imperfections, the first volume became popular. In the early decades of the twentieth century, Martha Dickinson Bianchi, the poet's niece, transcribed and published more poems, and in 1945 Bolts Of Melody essentially completed the task of bringing Dickinson's poems to the public. The publication of Thomas H. Johnson's 1955 edition of Emily Dickinson's poems finally gave readers a complete and accurate text.
Dickinson's works have had considerable influence on modern poetry. Her frequent use of dashes, sporadic capitalization of nouns, off-rhymes, broken metre, unconventional metaphors have contributed her reputation as one of the most innovative poets of 19th-century American literature. Later feminist critics have challenged the popular conception of the poet as a reclusive, eccentric figure, and underlined her intellectual and artistic sophistication.
Emily Dickinson is still considered America’s foremost woman poet. Of her more than 1,700 extend poems, only a handfull were published in her lifetime. She never merried and she seldom left her family home in Amherst, Massachusetts, but she transcended all physical limitations in her extensive, artistic correspondence and, even more so, in her unflinchingly honest, psycologically penetrating and technically adventurous poems.
One hundred nine of her best and best-remembered works are reprinted here exactly as they appeared in the first three posthumous anthologies: the 1890 volume (Poems by Emily Dickinson / Edited by two of her friends / Mabel Loomis Todd and T.W. Higginson, Roberts Brothers, Boston [the 16th edition, 1897, was the specific source]), the 1891 volume (same title as a above, plus Second Series [the 5th edition, 1893, was the specific source]) and the 1896 volume (same title as for 1890, plus Third Series [1st edition was source]). The titles (such as «Escape» and «Compensation») given to some of the poems by the early editors are retained here for completeness, but since they were not original with the poet, they have not been entered in any table of contents or index of titles. An index of first lines has been provided, however, at the end of this volume.
Success by Emily Dickinson.
Success is counted sweetest
By those who ne’er succeed
To comprehend a nectar
Requires sorest need.
Not one of all the purple host
Who took the flag today
Can tell the definition
So clear, of victory
As he, defeated dyind,
On whose forbidden ear
The distant strains of triumph
Break, aganized and clear.
Hamlin Garland (1860–1940)
Garland was reared in circumstances that forced him to a firsthand recognition of the distance between the national image of the western lands as promise and fulfillment on the one hand much grimmer actually on the other. His father stubbornly clung to the idea to the idea of the of the fortune yet to be made on the border farm and faithful to the promissory note of America, emigrated from Maine to West Salem, Wisconsin when Garland was born. The fortune never materialized and the family moved to north-eastern Iowa, where Garland lived for 12years, attending the Cedar Valley Seminary.
Still seeking the family moved to Ordway, South Dakota; but instead of fortune the Garlands met with toil, dullness and the hostility of the nature. Wanting to teach and to escape his environment, Hamlin sold his Dakota claim at a small profit and became one of the «back-trailers from the middle border» in fleeing to Boston. His movement from the west to east was. Significant: although the national insisted that the land of the «folk» and democratic realization lay westward, and the east was effete, artificial and aristocratic, many nevertheless sought the very kind of life that the American was supposed to spurn. The split in perception, the double goals in Garland are not merely personal but typical of many American men of letters.
In Boston he lived alone and struggled to find a new life. He educated himself in the Boston public library and studied and taught in the Boston School of Oratory, all the while trying to write. He read Spencer, single-tax economics, the issues of realism and impression in fiction. In 1887he returned to the Midwest for a visit and saw with new perspective the treeless prairies the unremittingly brutalizing toil and the frontier’s murderous effect on his parents. Enraged he returned east and began to contribute stories to B.O. Flower’s influential «Arena». Eneouragedby Joseph Kirckland, Flower and William dean Howells, he attempted to create «veritism» in function a realism that wouldn’t stop short with accepted subjects and attitudes but would also include the less pretty experiences that had led to his disenchantment. In 1891 he published «Main-travelled roads; in the heat of his experience, he had written all the stories in this volume between1887and 1889. often «Main – Travelled roads» (1910) was in turn, a collection made up out of «Prairie Folks» (1893) and «Wayside Courtships» (1897) these two consisted of stories written in the short, fruitfull period.
Mark Twain (1835–1910)
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