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With Wagner, the dominance of the Austro-German tradition in nineteenth-century music became apparent. The extended harmonic and formal practices of Mahler, Richard Strauss, Schönberg, and others preceded the freer treatment of dissonance in the twelve-tone music of the New Viennese School of Schönberg, Berg, and Webern. At the same time, the Impressionism of the French composers Debussy and Ravel were based on non-functional harmonic principles. Composers like Bartók introduced folk elements into music.

Twentieth-century music includes many different styles and tendencies, including neoclassicism (Stravinsky) – an important type of 20th century music is neoclassical. «Neo» means new, so neoclassical music is new music that is similar to music of the Classical period. While neoclassical music sounds modern in many ways, it is written following the basic forms and ideals of the Classical period.

A famous neoclassical composer is Igor Stravinsky. His music uses many different key signatures and time signatures, and sometimes more than one at a time. One example is the Rite of Spring;

expressionism (Berg, Webern);

serialism (Boulez);

electronic music (Stockhausen);

aleatoric music and indeterminacy (Cage) – the composer leaves a lot up to the performer. For example a composer might give each player in the band four different sheets of music. On the director's signal each player in the band could play any one of the four sheets of music, starting and stopping whenever he or she wished. Chance music is interesting because each performance is different. One important composer of chance music was John Cage. His Imaginary Landscape No. 4, consists of 12 radios all playing at the same time, but all tuned to different stations; minimalism (Reich, Glass).

At the same time, the rediscovery of the past has resulted in an explosion of interest in the authentic music of past cultures. Similarly, the eclecticism of twentieth-century culture touches upon the growth of ethnomusicology and the perspectives it offers to studies of more traditional western music.

Literature

1. Griffiths, Paul. Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Music. N.p.: Thames and Hudson, 1986.

2. Grout, Donald Jay. A History of Western Music. New York: W.W. Norton, 1960–80. 3rd ed.

3. http://music.dartmouth.edu

4. http://www.hypermusic.ca

5. http://www.stevenestrella.com

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