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As athe(3)of CO 2 in the Earth's (4)has been lea~' increasing.(5)of climate change have been closely observed since !he midi t onall continents. For example, mountain (6)have been retreating and theextensive (7)of Greenland and Antarctica have reduced in size.. In addition(8)have become more frequent, due to rising ocean temperatu:res. 1llese(9)are expected to continue into the foreseeable future.4MliD Listen to and repeat the nouns in column I of the Word list. and the adjectiyesin column 4.(Jpp' .rtumilt?'II61Section 11Write answers to these questions using the prompts in brackets, not necessarily in thesame order.I What's the difference between materials of compressive strength and tensilestrength?(strong / pulled / pressed)The first material is strong when it is pressed, and the second isstrong when it is pulled.234562What's the difference between impact-resistant and impact-absorbent materials?(soft / rigid / return / shape / not break) _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __What's the difference between a water-resistant and a waterproof watch?(guaranteed / keep out / water / not) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __What's the difference between flammable and non-flammable m aterials?(burn / notbum) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __What's the difference between materials with torsional strength and materials withtensile strength?(strong / stretched / twisted material) _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __What's the difference between ductile and malleable materials?(rolled / pulled / longer, thinner / shape / new shape)Complete the interview with the words in the box.

Use each word once only.abilityablecancan'tcapablecapabilitiescapacity incapable unable,. f.A: Are ou (1) _ _a_b_Ie_ _ to use your new electric bike tocommute to work?B: Of course. These days, I (2)take the car as thestreets are too congested. With my new bike, I (3) _ _ _ __get through the traffic and arrive at work on time , withoutfeeling tired.A: What's the new bike like?B: It's got excellent (4) _ _ _ _ _ It has the (5)to getme up hills. It's (6)of a top speed of 50 kph, and has arange of 80 km on a full charge.A: Can you tell me how you recharge it?B: The charging time is a bit slow - six to seven hours.

Unfortunately,I'm (7)to recharge my batteries at work. However,the bike has enough battery (8)to get me to workand home again on a single charge.A: Would it be easy to steal?B: o! It has a steering w heel lock, and an immobiliser, with thesame high-tech ke as a modem car. So I think a thief would be(9)of going off with it!Section 21Make predictions for the year 2040, using the future perfect active or passive of theverbs in brackets.1 My prediction is that photovoltaic cell installationswill have been built(build) across the Sahara from east to west.

Huge extra generating capacity_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (add). High voltage DC power lines_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (install) to allow energy export to Europe withlow line-losses.2 Biometrics in general and iris recognition technology in particular_ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ (establish) as the new standard security s. stem.People will use it for IT instead of passwords. In the developed world e erybody_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ (issue) with biometrical documents for tra el,banking and personal ID, e.g.

passports and driving licences.3 It's very likely that water export schemes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __(become) common, to allow water exports from temperate countries to aridMiddle Eastern countries. Glasshouse horticulture _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __(expand), to allow conservation and recycling of water.4 I expect that scientists(develop) new geneticallymodified (GM) crops that are heat-tolerant and drought-resistant.

Those countriesthat had previously banned GM crops(change)their policies.2Rewrite these paragraphs using the phrases in brackets (w hich are not in order)instead of the word phrases in italics.Example: 1 .. . is 25 metres long instead of the usual J8 metres.that it is a double-articulated truck ...234Another difference isThe Denby supertruck, hich is not allm ·ed on the roads in some countries is25 metres long, unlike normal l8-metre trucks.

Also it is a double-articulated truckand the rear section can be steered separately.(Another difference is that) (instead of the usual ) m etres)The Archimedes water screw is like a traditional Wa len heel JusJ as \ .-ater fIo\ ..over a waterwheel and turns a generator, the flow of water along the Archimedesscrew makes it rotate and generate electricity. In contrast to a traditional hydroelectric turbine , this screw can tum and generate electricity from a small head orwater, for example 1-4 metres in height.(Unlike) (In the same way as) (has exactly the same function as)An unmanned drone, or remotely piloted aircraft, resembles an ordinary aircraft.It is controlled by a pair of operators on the ground, not b a pilot.

One operatormoves the controls to fly the drone in the same way as a pilot flies a plane. hilethe other operator checks the monitor screens and zooms in on the ground belmthe drone.Gust as) (instead of) (is very similar to)Laser drilling for oil is completely unlike normal rotational drilling. A laserinstallation can be set up quickly and comparatively cheaply unlike a traditionalderrick. Furthermore, the heat from the laser turns the water in the bedrock intosteam, which results in breaking up the rock at the base of the well..(different from) (Another difference is that) (in contrast to)RIc'\ie\\63nit 1 Systems.

-WJ= lecturer:Ill:I:l:2:l:l:I:l:I:l:l:I:l:I:l:l:2:LI = tudent I: 2 = tudent 21~Iy talk today is about fDRs and how they work. As you probablyknow. fOR stands for ftight Data Recorder, and so it's a device used forrecording data during a plane's rugh t. It also helps investigators to workout what went "TOng if a plane crashes.\\ nat happens if a plane crashes into the sea and sinks? How do theim-estigators find the fOR then?fORs ha\'e an underwater locator beacon.

There's a sensor on the sideof the beacon. \\"hen water touches the sensor, it activates the beacon.Could you gr.·e us some details about the transmission?)es. the beacon sends out pulses at 37.5 kilohertz.Can it function at the bottom of the ocean?)es. it can transmit sound from a depth of 14,000 feelDo you have to work fast in order to find the fOR?Well as soon as the beacon starts to transmit, it \\ill continue for 30 days.And how frequently is the ignaJ transmitted?llle beacon sends out a ignaJ once per second.\\ bat kind of battery is used for the beacon?If p<J\"ered by a battery \\ith a helf life of ix years.\\ bat happens after you find the fOR?After an air accident.

the llight recorder is transported to the computerlab. lllere. the data can be ~ ed. If an accident happens at sea andthe flight recorder was in the water, the fDR mu t be transported in acontainer of water to keep it cool. Any other questions?I can' t see the beacon \'ery clearly from here.

What shape is it exactly?If ~iindrical. The beacon also serves as a handle.I heard that ftight Data Recorders are sometimes called 'black boxes'.Is that right:'lllaf correcl yes.TIlen can you explain why they're called 'black boxes' if they're brightorange?Good questiOn \ ....e·re not sure why they 're called 'black boxes' but\\e do know that the early fDRs were in fact black, because they useda film.based technology. So the insides of the boxes had to be blackto Slop any light affecting the film. O\vada} , they're painted brightorange. so thai they're easier to find.Unit 2 ProcessesWiDGood moming, everyone. This is the last in our series of short talks aboutthe plastics industry. Last week we looked at the process of extrusion blowmoulding. Today, I'm going to explain how vacuum moulding works. This isalso called vacuum forming, or vacu·forming.Vacuum forming is a process of making a shape out of a thermoplasticsheet.

A thermoplastic sheet is a material that becomes soft when you heatit , and later on it becomes hard after you c ool it. In vacuum forming, as inother proc esses of plastic moulding, heating and cooling are important partsof the process.As its name suggests, with vacuum forming, we have to create a vacuumin the mould in order to produce the moulded Object. As you remember,a vacuum occurs when we suck the air out of a con tainer.

So sucking airout, or suction, is an important part of the process, and we use a simple airpump for this purpose.ow, I've given you a printed handout with some diagrams. As you can seein figure 2 on your handout, there are some air·exhaust holes at the bottomof the mould. These are for sucking the ai r out.But let's start with the first stage, which is heating. As Figure I on yourhandout illustrates, the heaters are situated above the machine and heat thethermoplastic sheet below them.The next stage is positioning. As can be seen in Figure 2, the thermoplasticsheet is moved to a position directly above the vacuum mould .The third stage is illustrated in figure 3.

Here , the thermoplastic sheet isstretched over the top part of the mould. Here you can see that the plasticmaterial is stretching and becoming thinner. This is the stretching stage.The fourth and final stage is shown in figure 4. Here the pump on the right·hand side of the machine is sucking the air out of the mOUld, and this suctionis creating a vacuum. Fmally in this vacuum forming stage, as figure 4 clearlysho\ , the plastic sheet is sucked down over the mould.& -jiijdose, closurecompress compressioneject, ejectionexpand, expansione.~,M lU]extrude,Hi e.eryone. rm going to demonstrate this self-inflating life raft.

This one'sinflate, inflationbig enough for eight people. though there are bigger ones for 12 people,01" small ones that take only four.So..lef take a closer look at this life rafl On top, you've got a canopy tokeep out the \\"a\-es and the rain. This canopy inHates automatically and it'sed to 'eep the occupants warm. The Hoor of the raft is insulated, too.TIle canopy has lights on top, which are water-activated. It also has a devicefOl" collecting rainwater.. 'O\\' lef ha\'e a look at the automatic inflation system . first, the two~~.

chambers are in/lated, that' s the two circular lyres that form theouter walls of the raft. This forces open the vinyl carrying bag. Then thecanopy O\-ef the top is inflated. Then you can get in. The whole process ofinIlalion takes 12 seconds, OK? lllat' ju t 12 seconds.. 'ext point. stability. There's a big danger with standard life rafts that thewind \\ill catch the life raft and cap ize it, or nip it over. But on this model,there are two big stabilisation chambers under the Hoor of the life raft. Bothchambers quickly fill \\ ith water from the moment of inHation. They fill in\l) stages.

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