Moss - What genes cant do - 2003 (522929), страница 54
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See Hereditarycode-scriptCoding problem, 65–66Cohnheim, Julius, 127–28, 129219Colon cancer, 145, 153–54, 160Colorectal cancer, 174–81, 182Compartmentalization of cells,membrane-based, 77–98amphipathic substances/boundaries,78–79, 87archaea, 78Band 3 molecules, 93–94blebbing of membranes, 90cellular membranes, composition of,78cytoskeletal interaction withmembrane proteins, 90, 93endoplasmic reticulum, 82–83and equilibrium thermodynamics,76, 84–85, 91, 94–95, 98–99eubacteria, 78eukaryotes, 78, 80fluid-mosaic model, 87FRAP, 88–90glycocalyx, 85–86Golgi complex, 81guanosine triphosphate molecules,84membrane/genome organization asmutually dependent, 79–80, 95–98metazoan ontogeny, 96–98nuclear envelope, 80–81nuclear pores, 80–81Paramecium, 96phospholipid membranes, 79, 87protein differentiation, 79, 81–83,85–86, 104protein movement, 79, 83–84,86–94red blood cells, 92–93SNAPs, 84SNARES, 83–84Tetrahymena, 96Teutophrys, 96vector relationship betweenmembranous stacks, 80–81water molecules on a hydrophobicsurface, 79Complexity.
See Modularity andcomplexity220IndexConklin, Edwin, 34–35, 36–37, 42,43Contingency, cycles of, 114–16Creationism, 4–5, 7–8, 199n.2Crick, Francison coding, 65–67DNA structure discovered by, 2, 44,53, 64Cryptanalysis, 64C-src genes, 138Cuvier, Georges, 121–22Cystic fibrosis, 46–47, 51–52Cytoblastema theory, 126Cytokines, 154, 202n.6Cytological microscopy, 19–20Cytoplasmic Anlagen, 31–36, 41–42Cytoskeleton, 90, 93Darwin, Charles, 4, 29.
See alsoDarwinism; Evolutionon adaptation, 5biology as beginning with, xvon heredity, 20influence of, 196Darwinism, 6. See also Evolutiongradualism of, 20, 21, 28–29on heritable variation along acontinuum, 25–26and replicator genes, 195Dawkins, Richard, 7–8, 194–95. Seealso OntotheologyDCC (deleted in colorectalcarcinoma) gene, 145, 154, 155,176, 178de Beer, Gavin, 36Delbecco, Renato, 133Delbrück, Max, 54, 55, 56, 57–58,65–66, 86–89, 107Deleted in colorectal carcinoma gene.See DCC geneDeleuze, Gilles, 68Dennett, Daniel, 6, 7–8Depew, David, 6–7Derrida, Jacques, 71Descartes, René, 8Design, 7–8Developmentand evolution, 195–97von Baer’s four laws of, 13, 15–16Developmental/embryologymorphology, 15–19, 21–23, 124Developmental systems theory (DST),115–16Devo-Evo/Evo-Devo, 195–97de Vries, Hugo, 25, 26–27, 29, 130,200n.12Dialectics of disorder. See CancerDiamond, M., 105Diamond code, 64–65, 67–68, 70Disorder, dialectics of.
See CancerDNA. See also Chromosomes;Human genomeand bacteriophage, 54–55capabilities of, 190–91and chromatin/chromosomemarking, xix, 76, 77, 111–14,200n.8coding of, 64–68, 70, 184–85,203n.3complimentary base pairs in,137–38, 202n.4dynamism of, 185, 193–94, 197methylation of, 111–13, 193–94parasitic, 191, 192–94, 195probes, 137–38in protein synthesis, 81, 94reverse-transcribed (protovirus),135–36and steady-state dynamics,99–100as a virus, 192–93Watson and Crick discover structureof, 2, 44, 53, 64Döllinger, Ingnaz, 121Dolly (cloned sheep), 200–201n.14Dominance/recessivity of unitcharacters (Anlagen), 25, 27–28Dominant vs.
recessive genes(Mendelian pairs), 40Doyle, Richardon dialogical philosophy oflanguage, 73Indexon the rhetoric of science, xvii–xviii,53, 68on Schrödinger’s What is Life?, 62on translation, 69–72Dreyfus, Hubert, xiiiDriesch, Hans, 32, 33, 42, 43Drosophila chromosome research,34–35, 37–38DST (developmental systems theory),115–16Durante, F., 128Dynamical vs. statistical laws, 60–61Dyson, Freeman, 191–93E.
coli, 107–8ECM (extracellular matrix), 172–73Edidin, M., 87Egg cytoplasm, organization of, 22EISs (epigenetic inheritance systems),76. See also Chromatin/chromosome markingElectron microscopy, 90Elements, 118Embolus theory of cancer metastasis,127Embranchment of animals, 121–22Embryologyand developmental morphology,15–19, 21–23, 124and Keime und Anlagen, 120–21urogenital, 16–17, 123Embryonic rests, 128Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 82–83Epigenesis, 5–23, 199–200n.7. Seealso Gene-P/Gene-D distinction;Gene rhetoricEpigenetic inheritance systems (EISs),76.
See also chromatin/chromosome markingEpigenetics, 54, 117Epimorphic regeneration, 162–63ER (endoplasmic reticulum), 82–83Eubacteria, 78Eukaryotes, 78, 80, 185, 192, 193,203n.6Evo-Devo/Devo-Evo, 195–97221Evolution. See also Darwinismas adaptive vs. teleological, 196vs. creationism, 4–5, 7–8, 199n.2and development, 195–97use of term, 200n.11Exemplars, as modelproblem-solutions, 23Exons, 185–87, 196Experimental carcinogenesis, 128–31Extracellular matrix (ECM), 172–73Falk, Raphael, xvi, 24, 37FAP (familial adenomatouspolyposis), 154, 176, 178Farber, E., 127, 167–70, 180–81Far-from-equilibrium systems, 98–99Federoff, Nina V., 183–84, 191, 193,194Feynman, Richard, 65Fibers, 124–25Fibronectin anti-sense gene, 152–53,202nn.4–5Final causes, 7–8.
See also TeleologyFluid-mosaic model of cellularmembranes, 87Fluorescence recovery afterphotobleaching (FRAP), 88–90Foulds, Leslie, 132FRAP (fluorescence recovery afterphotobleaching), 88–90Frye, E., 87Galen, 118–19, 124Galton, Frances, 25, 29Gamow, George, 64–67, 67–68, 70Gärtner, C. F., 23–24Gates, Bill, 1Gene-centrism. See Phylogenetic turnGene-D. See also Gene-P/Gene-Ddistinctionand cancer, 155and cellular context, 95, 100and DST (developmental systemstheory), 116and modularity and the scope ofcoding, 185–88, 196, 203n.3222IndexGene-P.
See Gene-P/Gene-DdistinctionGene-P/Gene-D distinction, xiv, 8–9,45–50, 201n.15and cancer, 141–42and the concept of function, 153and rhetoric of the gene, 51–53,72–73, 184Gene rhetoric, 51–73and biological order as distributedover dependent systems, xviiiand cystic fibrosis, 51–52and dialogical philosophy oflanguage, 72–73Gene-P vs. Gene-D, 51–53, 72–73genes as text/code, 52–53and Schrödinger’s hereditary codescript, 51, 53–62, 63, 201n.2slippage of metaphors, 62–63and translation, 64–71, 201n.2Genes, genesis of, 1–50.
See alsoGene rhetoricand biogenetic laws, 16, 19and biology, centrality of, xiiibirth of genetics, 25, 29, 37–38and cell theory, 18–19and center vs. periphery, 31and chromosomal rejuvenescence,42, 201n.14and chromosomes as site ofMendelian factors, 33–34, 36and cytoplasmic Anlagen, 31–36,41–42and deviations from a norm, 40–41and dominance/recessivity of unitcharacters (Anlagen), 25, 27–28and dominant vs. recessive genes, 40and Drosophila chromosomeresearch on, 34–35, 37–38and embryology/developmentalmorphology, 15–19, 21–23and epigenesis, 5–6, 7–8 (see alsoGene-P/Gene-D distinction)and expressivity, 28, 39, 200n.13and field theories, 36–37“gene,” “genotype,” and“phenotype” terminologyintroduced, xvi, 28and genetic assimilation, 200n.8and genetic decomposability,38–40“gene,” use of term, 44–45genotype vs.
phenotype, 1, 28–30,36, 38–44 (see also Gene-P/Gene-Ddistinction)germ vs. somatic cells, 20–21,200n.10heritable factors vs. life experience,20–21and heritable variation along acontinuum, 25–26, 27and information/code, genes as, xvii,2–3, 44–50and instrumental reductionism, 37,39–40, 42–43, 50and the Keime und Anlagen, 11–15,17, 20, 24–25, 28, 199–200n.7legacy of genes, 1–3limitations of genetics, 44and Mendel’s exemplar, 23–25and Mendel’s rediscovery, xv, 23,26, 184mutational theory, 26–27, 200n.12and nuclear vs. cytoplasmicinteractions, 22–23nucleus/chromosomes, 19–21,30–31, 33and ontogeny, 4, 6and ontogeny vs. phylogeny, 13–15,14 (fig.)and ontology, 3and penetrance, 28, 39, 200n.13the phylogenetic turn, 4–6and the soul, 6–8and teleology, 4–5, 9–11, 199n.6and teleomechanism, 12–13, 28Genetic information, 75–116. Seealso Hereditary code-scriptand chromatin/chromosomemarking, xix, 76, 77, 111–14and cycles of contingency, 114–16and DST, 115–16Indexand epigenetic inheritance systems,76 (see also Chromatin/chromosome marking)and genetic inputs, 104–7and GREs, 105–6and imprinting, xix, 112–13and molecular Weismannism, 110and mutation within catalytic cycles,100and organizational structure, 76, 77(see also Compartmentalization ofcells, membrane-based); andphosphorylation of proteins, 108–9and positive feedback, 107–8and self-sustaining order, globalview of, 98–107and self-sustaining order, regionalview of, 107–10and steady-state dynamics, 76–77,99–104, 106–7, 108–9, 115Genetic inputs, 104–7Genotype vs.
phenotype, 1, 28–30,36, 38–44Gerhart, J., 197Germ layers, 121, 123Gestalt-switch experiences, 68Girtanner, Christoph, 120Glycocalyx, 85–86Godfrey-Smith, P., 203n.3Golgi complex, 81Göttingen School, 120–21Gray, R., 115–16Griffith, John S., 67Griffiths, P., 115–16Grimes, S. R., 98GTP (guanosine triphosphate)molecules, 84Guatarri, Félix, 68Haeckel, Ernst, 16, 19Hapsburg lip, 56, 114Harraway, Donna, 53Harris, Henry, 142–43, 146, 147–48,150–52, 153, 202n.3Harrison, Ross, 37Harvey, William, 119223Heidegger, Martin, 68, 70Heidelberger, C., 164–65Heitler-London theory, 56, 57–59Hereditary code-script, xiv–xv, xvii,xviii, 76–77and biblical tradition, 110and cycles of contingency, 114–16and equilibrium themodynamics,84–85, 91–92, 94–95, 98and gene rhetoric, 51, 53–62, 63,201n.2Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectalcancer (HNPCC), 176, 178Heredity, 20, 36–37.
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