Hartl, Jones - Genetics. Principlers and analysis - 1998 (522927), страница 5
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This example illustrates thevalue of basic research in leading, often quite unpredictably, to practical applications. The chapteron chromosome structure also includes a discussion of repetitive DNA sequences in eukaryoticgenomes, including transposable elements.• Chapter 7 covers the principles of cytogenetics, including variation in chromosome number andthe chromosome mechanics of deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. Also includedis the subject of the human genome with special reference to human chromosome number andstructure and the types of aberrations that are found in human chromosomes.• Chapter 8 deals with the principles of genetics in prokaryotes with special emphasis on E. coliand temperate and virulent bacteriophages. There is an extensive discussion of mechanisms ofgenetic recombination in microbes, including transformation, conjugation, transduction, and thehorizontal transfer of genes present in plasmids, such as F' plasmids.• Chapter 9 focuses on recombinant DNA and genome analysis.
Included are the use of restrictionenzymes and vectors in recombinant DNA, cloning strategies, site-directed mutagenesis, "reversegenetics" (the production of genetically defined, transgenic animals and plants), and applications ofgenetic engineering.
Also discussed are methods used in the analysis of complex genomes, such asthe human genome, in which a gene that has been localized by genetic mapping to a region of tensof millions of base pairs must be isolated in cloned form and identified.• Chapters 10 through 12 deal with molecular genetics in the strict sense. These chapters includethe principles of gene expression, gene regulation, and the genetic control of development. Thechapter on development focuses especially on genetic analysis of development in nematodes(Caenorhabditis elegans) and Drosophila, and there is a thorough examination of the exciting newwork on the genetic basis of floral development in Arabidopsis thaliana.Page xvii• Chapter 13 covers the molecular details of mutation and the effects of mutagens, including newinformation on the genetic effects of the Chernobyl nuclear accident.
It also covers the rapidlygrowing field of DNA repair mechanisms, as well as the molecular mechanisms of recombination.• Chapter 14 covers organelle genetics.• Chapters 15 and 16 deal with population and evolutionary genetics. The discussion of populationgenetics includes DNA typing in criminal investigations and paternity testing. The material onquantitative genetics includes a discussion of methods by which particular genes influencingquantitative traits (QTLs, or quantitative-trait loci) may be identified and mapped by linkageanalysis. QTL mapping is presently one of the most important approaches for identifying the geneticbasis of human disease.• Chapter 17, entitled the Genetics of Biorhythms and Behavior, illustrates the genetic analysis ofbehavior with experimental models, including chemotaxis in bacteria, mating behavior inDrosophila, and learning in laboratory rodents.
This chapter also includes a section on mad cowdisease and its relation to the molecular basis of biological rhythms. There is also a section on thegenetic determinants of human behavior with examples of the approach using "candidate" genes thatled to the identification of the "natural Prozac" polymorphism in the human serotonin transportergene.Integrated throughout the book are frequent references to human genetics, including sections on thefragile-X syndrome, imprinting, the genetic basis of cancer, expansion of unstable repeats indiseases such as Huntington disease, the relationship of DNA repair enzymes to hereditary coloncancer, the controversial mitochondrial "Eve," genetic diseases associated with defects inbiorhythms, and many other special topics, including the human genome project.ConnectionsA unique special feature of this book is found in boxes called Connections.
Each chapter has two orthree of these boxes. They are our way of connecting genetics to the world outside the classroom.All of the Connections include short excerpts from the original literature of genetics, usually papers,each introduced with a short explanatory passage. Many of the Connections are excerpts fromclassic papers, such as Mendel's paper, but by no means all of the "classic" papers are old papers.More than a quarter were published more recently than 1980, including the paper in which thecloning of the sheep Dolly was reported.The pieces are called Connections because each connects the material in the text to something thatbroadens or enriches its implications.
Some of the Connections raise issues of ethics in theapplication of genetic knowledge, social issues that need to be addressed, or issues related to theproper care of laboratory animals. They illustrate other things as well. Because each Connectionnames the place where the research was carried out, the student will learn that great science is donein many universities and research institutions throughout the world. Some of the pieces werepublished originally in French, others in German. These appear in English translation. In papers thatuse outmoded or unfamiliar terminology, or that use archaic gene symbols, we have substituted themodern equivalent because the use of a consistent terminology in the text and in the Connectionsmakes the material more accessible to the student.Genetics on the InternetMore than in most fields of biology, genetic resources and genetic information are abundant on theInternet.
The most useful sites are not always easy to find. A recent search of Internet sites using theAlta Vista search engine and the keyword genetics yielded about 500,000 hits. Most of these are oflimited usefulness, but quite a few are invaluable to the student and to the practicing geneticist. Theproblem is how to find the really useful ones among the 500,000 sites.To make the genetic information explosion on the Internet available to the student, we havedeveloped Internet Exercises, called GeNETics on the web, which make use of Internet resources.One reason for developing these exercises is that genetics is a dynamic science, and most of the keyInternet resources are kept up to date. Continually updated, the Internet exercises introduce thenewest discoveries as soon as they appear, and this keeps the textbook up to date as well.The addresses of the relevant genetic sites are not printed in the book.
Instead, the sites are accessedthrough the use of key words that are highlighted in each exercise. The key words are maintained ashot links at the publisher's web site (http://www.jbpub.com/genetics) and are kept constantly up todate, tracking the address of each site if it should change. The use of key words also allows aninnovation: one exercise in each chapter makes use of a mutable site that changes frequently inboth the site accessed and the exercise. Students should look at the Internet Exercises. The instructormay wish to make short assignments from some of them, or use them for extra credit or as shortterm papers. We have included a suggested assignment for each of the exercises, but manyinstructors may wish to develop their own.
We would be pleased to receive suggestions for new webexercises at the Jones and Bartlett home page: http://www.jbpub.com.Page xviiiProblemsEach chapter provides numerous problems for solution, graded in difficulty, for the students to testtheir understanding. The problems are of three different types:Review the Basics problems ask for genetic principles to be restated in the student's own words;some are matters of definition or call for the application of elementary principles.Analysis and Applications problems are more traditional types of genetic problems in whichseveral concepts must be applied in logical order and often require some numerical calculation.
Thelevel of mathematics is that of arithmetic and elementary probability as it pertains to genetics. Noneof the problems uses mathematics beyond elementary algebra.Challenge Problems are similar to those in Analysis and Applications, but they are a degree morechallenging, often because they require a more extensive analysis of data before the question can beanswered.Supplementary Problems, in a special section at the end of the book, consist of over 300 additionalproblems. These include representatives of all three types of problems found at the ends of thechapters, and they are graded in difficulty.
The Supplementary Problems may be used for additionalassignments, more practice, or even as examination questions. The problems were generouslycontributed by geneticist Elena R. Lozovskaya of Harvard University, and they were selected andedited by the authors. Unlike the other problems, the solutions to the Supplementary Problems arenot included in the answer section at the end of the book. Solutions are available for the instructor inthe Test Bank and Solutions Manual.Guide to Problem SolvingEach chapter contains a Guide to Problem Solving that demonstrates problems worked in full.
Theconcepts needed to solve the problem, and the reasoning behind the answer, are explained in detail.The Guide to Problem Solving serves as another level of review of the important concepts used inworking problems. It also highlights some of the most common mistakes made by beginningstudents and gives pointers on how the student can avoid falling into these conceptual traps.SolutionsAll Analysis and Applications Problems and all Challenge Problems are answered in full, withcomplete methods and explanations, in the answer section at the end of the book. The rationale forgiving all the answers is that problems are valuable opportunities to learn. Problems that the studentcannot solve are usually more important than the ones that can be solved, because the sticklersusually identify trouble spots, areas of confusion, or gaps in understanding.
As often as not, theconceptual difficulties are resolved when the problem is worked in full and the correct approachexplained, and the student seldom stumbles over the same type of problem again.Further ReadingEach chapter also includes recommendations for Further Reading for the student who either wantsmore information or who needs an alternative explanation for the material presented in the book.Some additional "classic" papers and historical perspectives are included. Complete author lists arealso given for a few Connections that had too many authors to cite individually in the text.IllustrationsThe art program is spectacular, thanks to the creative efforts of J/B Woolsey Associates, withspecial thanks to John Woolsey and Patrick Lane.
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