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The subject of research is to implement the trading and brokering activities in organizing the import procedure. In accordance with the aim of the research, it is necessary to fulfill the following tasks:

• to consider the theoretical aspects of organizing the import operations by resellers;

• to analyze the efficiency of foreign trade activities of LLC "Ladies";

• to develop the proposals to improve the efficiency of trade and intermediary activities of LLC "Ladies" in implementation of the import operations;

• to analyze the main aspects of implementing job safety in LLC "Ladies." The aim set, the tasks, the subject, and the object of the research have predetermined the logic of presentation and structure of this Graduation Paper that contains introduction, four chapters and conclusion, and sources of literature.

1 International trade and the role of intermediaries in its development

1.1 The essence of international trade

International trade is the most important and oldest form of international economic relations which is an aggregate of foreign trade among all the countries throughout the world. Development of international trade at the present stage largely determines the main trends of the world economy as a whole. Initially, the participation of countries in international trade is based on the international division of labor (MRI) - specialization of individual countries in the production of certain goods and the subsequent exchange of these goods among themselves. As a result, there is the strengthening of international exchange of expertise, expansion of mass production, new technologies, increasing employment. In turn, the country's participation in international trade contributes to the accumulation of capital in the economy which increases activation of domestic investment. The exchange between countries occupies a special place in the MRI the main motive of which is the pursuit of economic benefits. The driving force of MRI in terms of commodity production is the law of value that is manifested in the differences of national and international value of the production of goods. The main forms of international trade are exports (export of goods from the country sold to a foreign buyer in order to implement the foreign market, or processed in another country) and import (import of goods into the country in order to acquire). However, in practice, there are modern shopping and other forms of trade, such as re - export of previously imported goods in it for reselling to other countries and re-imported, i.e. re-importation from abroad previously exported national products. According to the accepted international standards, international trade statistics, the key element for the recognition of the international trade, the sale of goods - export and buying - import is the fact that the goods cross the customs border of the state and the fixing of the relevant customs statements. Changes the owner of the goods or not - does not matter. Along with the usual export-import transaction but the sales of goods, each of which ends with receipt or payment of a sum of money for imports or exports, in the practice of international economic relations are widely used so-called barter transactions or counter compensation trade. It includes the operations involving the sales of goods when provided reciprocal obligations of exporter’s - importer’s purchase products on a portion or the full value of the exported goods. All variety of counter transactions, depending on the organizational and legal framework of the principle of compensation, or can be divided into three groups: barter transactions on non-currency basis, sales transactions for monetary compensation based on compensation and industrial transactions. The main indicators of international trade include: • World trade is a set of foreign trade turnover of all countries of the world: the totality of world exports and world imports. Nominal cost volume of international trade is usually expressed in dollars at current prices so much depends on the exchange rate of the dollar to other currencies. The real volume of international trade is a nominal amount, converted to constant prices using the deflator chosen; • commodity and geographical structure of international trade. Commodity structure shows the proportion of certain goods in the total international trade in goods. Geographical structure reflects the contribution of a subject of international trade (the country) in its total amount; • the rate of growth in international trade compared with the previous year; • the growth rate of international trade relative to output growth. This indicator shows the performance of production in the country, GE the amount of goods and services that it can offer to the world market. In addition, it can be used to assess the overall level of development of the productive forces in the country from the standpoint of participation in international trade; • the terms of trade - the coefficient of establishing communication between the average world prices of exports and imports of other goods and services. It is calculated as the ratio of indices of export and import price for a certain period. If it equals to one, it means the stability of the conditions of international trade and parity of export and import prices. With the growth factor, the terms of trade are improving, with the decrease – they are worsening; • the foreign trade of a country; • commodity and geographical structure of foreign trade; • balance of foreign trade (trade balance - balance of trade) - the difference between exports and imports of goods and services; when exports exceed imports, the balance is positive, if imports exceed exports, the balance is negative; • export and import quotas. The export quota is the ratio of exports to gross domestic product (GDP), and import - the ratio of imports to GDP. At the present stage, international trade plays an important role in the economic development of countries, regions and the entire world community, as foreign trade has become a powerful driver of economic growth around the world. In addition, the country's dependence on the international exchange of goods increased significantly. An important factor in the development of international trade in a highly developed market economy is the export of capital, which simulates the growth of foreign trade. The export of capital in the form of business involves the export of goods, since it is connected with the supply of the means of production for companies established abroad. Previously, foreign capital investments were directed mainly in economically backward countries, mainly in export industries. After World War II the direction of the export of capital has changed - now it is mainly exported from one industrialized country to another, which leads to increased internationalization of production and capital. As a result, there were two types of international companies with businesses in different countries, namely transnational corporations (TNCs) and multinational corporations (MNCs). The first is a company of national capital, but international in scope, and the second - and international capital and field. International companies and multinationals have a huge impact on foreign trade: the share of Intra-corporate turnover accounts for almost one third of total world exports. The well-known American company IBM has established alliances with more than 40 partners. Japanese computer firm "Fudzisu" has established an alliance with "Texas Instruments", "Siemens" and "Hitachi". Under the influence of these factors, an international commodity exchange has reached unprecedented proportions. For example, if in 1970, world exports amounted to 315.1 billion USD; in 1992 - 3662400000000 USD, and in 2014 - 18 680 bln USD, i.e. increased by almost 40 times, similar changes have occurred with imports. It should be noted that the changed geographical structure of foreign trade, which is determined by the characteristics of individual countries and their role in the global market. This is evidenced by the following data (Table. 1.1). Table1.1. Distribution of world exports and imports by regions, % (2014)

Table 1.2 Volumes of export of the top 15 countries (2014)

Quantitative indicators of the importance of exports to the economy are export and import quotas, which are calculated as the ratio of the value of exports and imports to the value of GDP for the corresponding period in percentage. An increasing proportion of the final social product is realized in foreign markets. This particularly applies to countries such as Belgium, Malaysia, Slovakia, Czech Republic and Estonia whose share of exports in relation to GDP is over 50%. Approximately, the same proportion is for the import of goods.
These data show that the countries with a small territory and population depend much greater on external production relations. They are much less dependent on the US external markets whose economic structure is more complex. Thus, the export quota of the United States in total industrial and agricultural production is 10.7, and the import is 12.1%. However, the expansion of foreign economic relations is not only dictated by the need of product sales in foreign markets, but also the need to obtain certain goods from abroad. A particularly important role played by the external market for developing countries, as many of them have a relatively limited size of the domestic market. Currently, one of the most important factors in raising the efficiency of production is the inclusion of the state in the international division of labor. Participation in it and the development of foreign economic relations contribute to the growth of production efficiency due to the differences in production costs in selected countries. This is also an opportunity to purchase abroad the kinds of raw materials and foodstuffs, which cost less in foreign markets than in domestic. However, even with equal manufacturing costs of production in different countries of the international division of labor and the exchange of goods needed to increase production scale and optimize its size. International specialization and co-operation allow you to concentrate on scientific forces, qualified personnel and material resources, to those industries in which the country specializes on the global market. It is a condition of raising the technical level of production, increasing productivity and improving product quality. This creates the conditions for using the advanced foreign technical expertise to accelerate scientific and technological progress through the direct purchase of licenses, "know-how" in the invention, production processes, new products, and also for use abroad acquired the latest machinery and equipment.
Of particular note is the purchase of licenses for the new technology overseas which are actively resorted to all industrialized countries. For example, in Japan, Germany and France, the cost for the purchase of such licenses is 2-3 times higher than the income from their sale. The exchange of goods between the two countries has a special place in the international division of labor, the main motive of which is the pursuit of economic benefits. The driving force of the international division of labor in commodity production - it is the law of value, which is manifested in the differences of national and international value of the production of goods. Under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution, trade relations between the two countries are complicated and enriched by increasingly developing into a comprehensive global economic system in which trade, although it continues to play a leading role, is gradually losing its meaning. Forecasts and estimates indicate that the international division of labor will steadily deepen and further, and on its basis will grow faster pace the international exchange of goods and services. In the future, the production of economically developed countries increasingly will rely on external producers and domestic demand - imports. In developing countries, it is expected relatively fast, mainly the extensive expansion of the internal market. The world market is to be distinguished from the national markets of individual countries. World trade market covers a large part of the world and has the following features: 1) If the national market movement of goods caused by such factors as the production links between enterprises and the regions of the country, to the world market is strongly influenced by international borders and foreign policies of individual countries; 2) The hallmark of the global market is the existence of a special system - the system of world prices; 3) the global market for goods is complemented by market services, particularly trade licenses; 4) the structure and direction of individual countries' trade on the world market are determined by the change in the competitiveness of their products; 5) World trade is inherent in the uneven growth as a trade of individual countries and the entire world trade. In the present conditions of the world market is a sphere of large companies - the largest multinational companies in the US, Japan, Germany, France, Britain and other countries. Moreover, these companies are combining their efforts to strengthen its position in the world market in competition with other companies.
Thus, the global market is developing under the conditions of sharp competition. The active role in it is played by those states that have not only carried out measures to protect the domestic market from import of goods from outside, but also pursue the policy aimed at speeding up their exports. A feature of the global market at the moment is the development of inter-state forms of its regulation. For this emerged as a general trading company (for example, G ATT, now WTO) and regional economic integration organizations: the Benelux countries, the EEC (now the EU), European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Latin American Integration Association, the Association of South-East Asia, and others. Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands were the first in West Europe to start associating: In Gaaga, on February 3, 1958, they signed the Treaty of Founding the Economic Union “The Benelux”. The Treaty entered into force on 1 November I960, the Benelux - the Customs Union of the three states. Later, an agreement was supplemented by the Convention for the Unification of the customs territory of the Benelux (1969), as well as the introduction of the instrument of exchange of goods within the Benelux (1984). The European Union (EU) has arisen on the basis of the European Economic Community (EEC), the agreement on creation of which was signed in Rome on 25 March 1957 and entered into force on 1 January 1958 The main objectives of UES were in the elimination of trade between the member countries of Customs duties and quantitative restrictions; establishment of a single customs tariff and a common trade policy conduct in relation to third countries; ensuring free competition in the Common Market, etc. European Economic Area (EEA) was the result of the signing in 1992 by the EFTA States and the EU Treaty on its formation, which entered into force in 1994. As the result, the supermarket with the population of 375 million was set up and now it totals more than 40% of the world trade. In this market virtually eliminated any remaining barriers to the free movement of goods, services, capital and human resources. Removing these barriers can increase the rate of economic growth of member countries of the space, reduce the prices of some services, to reduce production costs and, ultimately, strengthen the economic the position of these countries in the global market competitiveness.
According to the principle of the Common Market created by the North American Free Trade Area (August 1992), which includes the US, Canada and Mexico; Asia-Pacific region, including Japan, the US, Southeast Asian NIEs, ASEAN countries, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and China, and others. Thus, international trade is currently marked by the development of integration processes. The result is an increase in the scale and quality changes the nature of international trade, which has a huge impact on the internationalization of the economic life of all countries of the world.
But the main thing in this process - fundamental qualitative changes taking place in international trade. They consist of the following:
1) change the function of international trade - a purely commercial short-term transactions, it has become a primary means of direct service of national production processes, connecting them into a single mechanism, which does not recognize national borders; 2) The focus of this service is shifted from the initial stages (processing of raw materials) at the final stage of production (finishing and assembly operations).

1.2 Types of intermediate sellers in international trade

Характеристики

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