Текст приложения (1194538), страница 2
Текст из файла (страница 2)
In our view, S.A. Koroleva’s opinion [3] about the peculiarities of the international labor migration seems to be interesting: the increase in scales of the international migration of labor, the change of qualitative structure of the migrating labor consisting in increase among migrants of persons with the high educational level, and the professional qualification; growth in illegal migration; spontaneous transformation of the temporary migration into a constant one; formation of ethnic enclaves with ethnic economy in the places of territorial concentration of migrants; strengthening of xenophobia in the countries accepting migrants [3, with. 10-11].
Special relevance is acquired by these conclusions in the light of the migratory collapse occurring in Europe.
In recent months, the flow of refugees to Europe has not decreased and has developed into a migratory collapse. The instability arch in the southern part of the continent was designated very accurately. Moreover, it has caved in to the north and the east having captured Central and even Northern Europe. The number of refugees from North Africa, the Middle East, Iraq, and Afghanistan has surmounted one million.
The problem of immigrants appeared to be closely connected with the internal situation in the EU, including such countries as the Netherlands, Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Sweden, Finland, and has affected their state policy and social climate. Nine countries of the Schengen area have strengthened control on the borders, and they have involved not only the police and frontier guards, but also the armies for their defense.
As a result, the uncontrollable crowds of migrants have been blocked on the southern European borders. Hungary, Serbia, and Macedonia on the borders have put up walls, a barbed wire preserving their territories against uninvited, unorganized, unclear, and uncontrollable flows of the uneven-age and ill-matched people who laid hopes for their help.
The frustrated expectations, the disastrous state of the incomers, the demands made by them quite often develop into protest actions and aggression, and criminal behavior. It leads to tension of the relations with the local population of the countries where migrants arrive in and to violation of social balance which was always valued by the European Union. The EU obviously was not ready for such “immigration tsunami”.
In compliance with the rules of rotation, since January 1, 2016 the Netherlands has become the chairman of the European Union. And it is not by chance that the priority of the policy for half a year, as it has been officially declared, is overcoming the immigration crisis. However, the appeal to the member states to share the responsibility for implementing this task has not been supported. Many countries of the so-called second echelon have refused the offer of Brussels to reside the refugees on their territories and to provide transit and have expressed discontent.
The positions of the human rights organizations, such countries as Germany, Belgium, France urging to show tolerance and humanity couldn't change anti-immigration mood. The EU leaders have been forced to agree with the necessity of toughening the conditions of admitting the immigrants to the European Union, with the introduction of passport control on the internal borders, i.e. within the Schengen area, and with strengthening the protection of the external borders.
There have been made the attempts to involve Turkey, through which the most mass flow of migrants to Europe passes, in settling the crisis situation. But the appeal to Erdogan has not yielded the desirable results. During the visit, Angela Merkel received only the muffled promises to control migration and the statement that obviously the sum of 3 billion euros was not enough for solving the problem. In March, the two special EU summits with participation of the Turkish leaders were convened. However, those summits had not achieved the set objectives and had not brought the significant results. The promises of Turkey, through which the bulk stream of refugees passes, to limit and regulate their number are followed by forwarding the requirements that are unacceptable for Brussels.
The behavior of Turkey is subject to raising disapproval and direct criticism from the European countries and even the USA and damages the urge to settle the problem.
At the same time, the situation in the southern countries requires the immediate intervention. Owing to the geographical position, they appear to be the first on the way of migratory flow: Greece, Italy, and Malta. The transit territories are raising the alarm: Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, and Serbia. 9 countries of the Schengen area have strengthened control at their boundaries. The crowds of the migrants have been blocked on the southern European borders because of toughening the conditions of their admission to the EU.
So after having constructed the wall by Macedonia, Greece was “cut” from Europe and it has turned into a "settler" for migrants. In the receiver point, which is designed for 1500 people, more than 10000 have accumulated. But for their placement, food, medical care, filtration, supply with documents (70% arrive there without any documents), Greece has no means and possibilities. The humanitarian aid of the UN and different charitable organizations, and also 700 million euros allocated by Brussels for construction of housing for refugees are obviously not enough. In the camps, the incoming migrants (and daily their number increases by 2000) are forced to live in the unacceptable conditions. Actually, according to the solution of the summit, Greece has started deportation of the migrants to Turkey from the countries which are not in the zone of the military conflicts. However it does not solve the problem.
The plans of the EU to set up the receiver points for refugees from Syria on the territory of Ukraine can hardly be fulfilled due to the protest mood of the population of this country despite the obvious desire of the Ukrainian leaders to receive the financial aid of the West instead.
Brussels has created the Fund of refugees’ support. However, the concern is connected with unwillingness of a number of member states to divert its part of the national income to that Fund. The difficulties also arise in connection with growth of anti-immigrant moods among the Europeans seeing the threat to their financial and social status.
It seems to be difficult to reach consensus because of positions of the heads of the states and governments which are obviously demonstrating the difference of their national interests and intentions. The measures taken by them unilaterally testify that. There is actually a shift in the mood and solutions of such countries as Germany, Austria, Sweden, Denmark, and France. There occurs rapprochement of the positions of the small countries, the so-called ‘Vishegradsky four’ that intend to stand together on a number of questions.
The threat to applying the Schengen agreements has increased. The passport control on the internal borders which are earlier freely crossed by citizens of any EU member state confirms that. Also, the quotas of regulating the distribution of reception of the migrants are the subject of disagreement.
The polls show that the local population is against setting up the camps for temporary keeping of refugees in their present form. There are the facts of manifestation of hostility, and the direct conflicts, even aggressions, up to demolition of shelters of immigrants (camp in Calais, France). Even in the Netherlands, 56% of the population demonstrates an absolute negative attitude to it. The reason is not only in material expenses though in 2015the country spent 1, 4 billion euros on reception, registration, and maintaining the migrants. Everywhere, there is the fear of the "guests’" antisocial, sometimes criminal behavior as well as the acts of terrorism. It is no secret that together with refugees the radical Islamists, supporters of ISIS (the organization forbidden in Russia), penetrate into the European countries.
The considered problem inevitably touches on the political climate in the European Union, too. The revival of activity and growth of influence of ultras, and their impacts on electorate are observed that affects the results of elections in a number of the countries. There ripens the idea about incompatibility between "Europeism" and Muslimism.
The only thing that has general support is the need of strengthening defense of the external borders of the European Union and protection of the European values, social and economic gains on which the European Union has worked more than half a century. But it assumes the additional expenditures for the arms and the maintenance of the armed forces that have to solve the burning problem for today – to overcome the migratory crisis. Can the EU cope with the task that requires overcoming the consequences of the global crises in economy, financial, and social spheres at the loosened political system, and with difficult relationships with the civil society? Both the immediate development of the appropriate measures and their effective execution are necessary. The future of the European Union is staked.
The ability to reach a wide compromise and the ability of the present management to consolidate the efforts of all member states on the solution of the all-European tasks have to play an extremely important role. Life will show whether it will be possible to show wise political will, to convince members of the EU in the need to renounce the national interests at emergence of problems that similar to the migratory ones, and to show the solidarity and unity that have been recorded in all Agreements of the EU.
If to look at the rating of the countries by the number of the arrived people, it should be noted that the first place in this list is taken by the USA (38,4 million people), then follow Russia (12,1 million people) and Germany (10,1 million people). The Netherlands and Switzerland – 1, 7 million people respectively from each country. According to the World Bank, the largest migratory corridors in the world through which flows of migrants pass including the transit are Mexico – the USA - 11,6 million people, Russia – Ukraine - 3,7 million, Ukraine – Russia - 3,6 million. Further follow Bangladesh – India -3,3 million, Turkey – Germany - 2,7 million, Kazakhstan – Russia - 2,6 million, Russia – Kazakhstan- 2,2 million, China – Hong Kong -2,2 million, India – the United Arab Emirates -2,2 million, China – the USA -1,7 million people. Many people from Afghanistan move to Iran - 1, 7 million. The corridor ‘ Cuba – the USA’ closes the rating of 30 countries - 1 million, the 28th place, Belarus – Russia- 1 million people, the 29th place, Uzbekistan – Russia- 0, 9 million people, the 30th place.
In the modern world, the population migration has become the global process
which has embraced practically all the continents and the countries and all the
social groups. Nowadays, the phenomenon of the international migration becomes
an essential and long-term factor of development of the countries and continents.
Today the USA, Canada, and Australia remain still main centers of attraction of
migrants where the share of the foreigners among the busy population on average
fluctuates from 20% to 30% However, today it is already impossible to divide the
countries into the three exact categories: emigration, immigration, and transit.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
