Е. Деза_ М.М. Деза. Энциклопедический словарь расстояний (2008) (1185330), страница 2
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éÌË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‚ ‰Ë‡Ô‡ÁÓÌ ÓÚ1,6 × 10–35 Ï (‰ÎË̇ è·Ì͇) ‰Ó 7,4 × 1026 Ï (ÓˆÂÌË‚‡ÂÏ˚ ‡ÁÏÂ˚ ̇·Î˛‰‡ÂÏÓÈÇÒÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ, ÓÍÓÎÓ 46 × 1060 ‰ÎËÌ è·Ì͇).äÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó ÏÂÚËÍ ·ÂÒÍÓ̘ÌÓ Ë ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Ô˜ËÒÎËÚ¸ Ëı ‚Ò Ì‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ.é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ‡‚ÚÓ˚ ·˚ÎË ‚‰ÓıÌÓ‚ÎÂÌ˚ ÔËÏÂÓÏ ÛÒÔ¯ÌÓ„Ó ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÚÂχÚ˘ÂÒÍËıÒÎÓ‚‡ÂÈ ÔÓ ‰Û„ËÏ ·ÂÒÍÓ̘Ì˚Ï Ô˜ÌflÏ, ‚ ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÒÚË, ˆÂÎÓ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚Ï ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚflÏ, ̇‚ÂÌÒÚ‚‡Ï, ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌ˚Ï ÔÓˆÂÒÒ‡Ï, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ‡Ú·ÒÓ‚ ÙÛÌ͈ËÈ,„ÛÔÔ, ÙÛÎÎÂÂÌÓ‚ Ë Ú.Ô. äÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó, Ó·¯ËÌÓÒÚ¸ ÚÂχÚËÍË Á‡˜‡ÒÚÛ˛ ‚˚ÌÛʉ‡Î‡‡‚ÚÓÓ‚ ËÁ·„‡Ú¸ χÚÂˇΠ‚ ·ÍÓÌ˘ÌÓÈ ÙÓÏ ۘ·ÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÒÓ·Ëfl.ùÚÓÚ ÒÎÓ‚‡¸ ÓËÂÌÚËÓ‚‡Ì ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÏ Ì‡ ̇ۘÌ˚ı ‡·ÓÚÌËÍÓ‚, Á‡ÌËχ˛˘ËıÒflËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËflÏË Ò Ôӂ‰ÂÌËÂÏ ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ËÁÏÂÂÌËÈ, Ë ‚ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ Ï ̇ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚÓ‚, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ËÌÚÂÂÒÛ˛˘ËıÒfl ̇ÛÍÓÈ fl‰Ó‚˚ı ˜ËÚ‡ÚÂÎÂÈ.Ä‚ÚÓ˚ ÔÓÔ˚Ú‡ÎËÒ¸ Óı‚‡ÚËÚ¸, ÔÛÒÚ¸ ‰‡Ê Ì ÔÓÎÌÓÒÚ¸˛, ‚ÂÒ¸ ÒÔÂÍÚ ÔËÍ·‰ÌÓ„Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÔÓÌflÚËfl ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl.
é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl Ì ̇¯ÎËÓÚ‡ÊÂÌËfl ‚ ÍÌË„Â ÎË·Ó ÔÓ Ô˘ËÌ ÌÂı‚‡ÚÍË ÏÂÒÚ‡ (ËÁ-Á‡ ˜ÂÁÏÂÌÓÈ ÒÔˆËÙËÍËËÎË ÒÎÓÊÌÓÒÚË Ô‰ÏÂÚ‡), ÎË·Ó ÔÓ Ì‰ÓÒÏÓÚÛ ‡‚ÚÓÓ‚. Ç ˆÂÎÓÏ Ó·˙ÂÏ ÚÂÍÒÚ‡ ËÒ·‡Î‡ÌÒËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÒÚ¸ ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËfl (Ú.Â.
ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌË ˆÂÎÂÒÓÓ·‡ÁÌÓÈ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓÒÚËËÌÙÓχˆËË ÔÓ ÚÓÈ ËÎË ËÌÓÈ ÚÂÏÂ) fl‚ËÎËÒ¸ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÈ ÚÛ‰ÌÓÒÚ¸˛. å˚ ·Û‰ÂϷ·„Ó‰‡Ì˚ ˜ËÚ‡ÚÂÎflÏ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ‚˚Ò͇ÊÛÚÒfl Á‡ ‚Íβ˜ÂÌË ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡¸ ͇ÍËı-ÎË·ÓÔÓÔÛ˘ÂÌÌ˚ı ËÎË ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚ı ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËÈ. Ç ÍÓ̈ ÍÌË„Ë ‰Îfl ΢Ì˚ı Á‡ÏÂÚÓ͘ËÚ‡ÚÂÎÂÈ Ì‡ ˝ÚÛ ÚÂÏÛ Á‡ÂÁ‚ËÓ‚‡ÌÓ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ˜ËÒÚ˚ı ÒÚ‡Ìˈ.Ä‚ÚÓ˚ ‚˚‡Ê‡˛Ú ·Î‡„Ó‰‡ÌÓÒÚ¸ ÏÌÓ„ËÏ Î˛‰flÏ Á‡ Ó͇Á‡ÌÌÛ˛ ÔË Ì‡ÔËÒ‡ÌËˉ‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡fl ÔÓÏÓ˘¸ Ë ‚ ÔÂ‚Û˛ Ә‰¸ ܇ÍÛ ÅÂȷ‰ÂÛ, å˝Ú¸˛ Ñ˛ÚÛÛ,ùÏχÌÛ˝Î˛ ÉÂÂ, ܇ÍÛ äÛÎÂÌÛ, ÑÊËÌ ïÓ ä‚‡ÍÛ, ïËÓ¯Ë å‡˝ı‡‡, 넲ëÔÂÍÚÓÓ‚Û, ÄÎÂÍÒ² ëÓÒËÌÒÍÓÏÛ Ë ñÁfl̸ˆ‡ÌÛ óÊۇ̄Û.ëÓ‰ÂʇÌËÂè‰ËÒÎÓ‚Ë .................................................................................................................................óÄëíú I.
åÄíÖåÄíàäÄ êÄëëíéüçàâÉ·‚‡ 1. 鷢ˠÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl1.1 ŇÁÓ‚˚ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ...........................................................................................................1.2 éÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ÔÓÌflÚËfl, Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚Â Ò ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËflÏË Ë ˜ËÒÎÓ‚˚ ËÌ‚‡Ë‡ÌÚ˚ .....................1.3 鷢ˠ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl .................................................................................................................É·‚‡ 2. íÓÔÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍË ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚‡É·‚‡ 3. é·Ó·˘ÂÌËfl ÏÂÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚3.1 m-ÏÂÚËÍË ...............................................................................................................................3.2 çÂÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ ÏÂÚËÍË ....................................................................................................3.3 íÓÔÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍË ӷӷ˘ÂÌËfl ................................................................................................3.4 ᇠԉ·ÏË ˜ËÒÂÎ ...............................................................................................................É·‚‡ 4. åÂÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÔÂÓ·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl4.1 åÂÚËÍË Ì‡ ÚÓÏ Ê ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Â ...........................................................................................4.2 åÂÚËÍË Ì‡ ‡Ò¯ËÂÌËflı ‰‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚‡ ..................................................................4.3 åÂÚËÍË Ì‡ ‰Û„Ëı ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚‡ı ..........................................................................................É·‚‡ 5.
åÂÚËÍË Ì‡ ÌÓÏËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ÒÚÛÍÚÛ‡ıóÄëíú II. ÉÖéåÖíêàü à êÄëëíéüçàüÉ·‚‡ 6. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ‚ „ÂÓÏÂÚËË6.1 ÉÂÓ‰ÂÁ˘ÂÒ͇fl „ÂÓÏÂÚËfl .....................................................................................................6.2 èÓÂÍÚ˂̇fl „ÂÓÏÂÚËfl .......................................................................................................6.3 ÄÙÙËÌ̇fl „ÂÓÏÂÚËfl ...........................................................................................................6.4 ç‚ÍÎˉӂ‡ „ÂÓÏÂÚËfl .......................................................................................................É·‚‡ 7. êËχÌÓ‚˚ Ë ùÏËÚÓ‚˚ ÏÂÚËÍË7.1 êËχÌÓ‚˚ ÏÂÚËÍË Ë Ëı Ó·Ó·˘ÂÌËfl ...................................................................................7.2 êËχÌÓ‚˚ ÏÂÚËÍË ‚ ÚÂÓËË ËÌÙÓχˆËË ........................................................................7.3 ùÏËÚÓ‚˚ ÏÂÚËÍË Ë Ëı Ó·Ó·˘ÂÌËfl ...................................................................................É·‚‡ 8. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚflı Ë ÛÁ·ı8.1 鷢ˠÏÂÚËÍË Ì‡ ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚflı ........................................................................................8.2 ÇÌÛÚÂÌÌË ÏÂÚËÍË Ì‡ ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚflı ...............................................................................8.3 ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ ÛÁ·ı ...............................................................................................................ëÓ‰ÂʇÌËÂ11É·‚‡ 9. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ ‚˚ÔÛÍÎ˚ı Ú·ı, ÍÓÌÛÒ‡ı Ë ÒËÏÔÎˈˇθÌ˚ı ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒ‡ı9.1. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ ‚˚ÔÛÍÎ˚ı Ú·ı ...........................................................................................9.2. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ ÍÓÌÛÒ‡ı ..........................................................................................................9.3. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ ÒËÏÔÎˈˇθÌ˚ı ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÒ‡ı ...................................................................óÄëíú III.
êÄëëíéüçàü Ç äãÄëëàóÖëäéâ åÄíÖåÄíàäÖÉ·‚‡ 10. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ‚ ‡Î„·Â10.1. åÂÚËÍË Ì‡ „ÛÔÔ‡ı ...........................................................................................................10.2. åÂÚËÍË Ì‡ ·Ë̇Ì˚ı ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËflı .................................................................................10.3. åÂÚËÍË Â¯ÂÚÓÍ ...............................................................................................................É·‚‡ 11. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ ÒÚÓ͇ı Ë ÔÂÂÒÚ‡Ìӂ͇ı11.1. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ ÒÚÓ͇ı Ó·˘Â„Ó ‚ˉ‡ ................................................................................11.2. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ ÔÂÂÒÚ‡Ìӂ͇ı ...........................................................................................É·‚‡ 12. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ ˜ËÒ·ı, ÏÌÓ„Ó˜ÎÂ̇ı Ë Ï‡Úˈ‡ı12.1. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ ˜ËÒ·ı .........................................................................................................12.2. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ ÏÌÓ„Ó˜ÎÂ̇ı ...............................................................................................12.3. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ χÚˈ‡ı .....................................................................................................É·‚‡ 13. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ‚ ÙÛÌ͈ËÓ̇θÌÓÏ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁÂ13.1 åÂÚËÍË Ì‡ ÙÛÌ͈ËÓ̇θÌ˚ı ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚‡ı .................................................................13.2 åÂÚËÍË Ì‡ ÎËÌÂÈÌ˚ı ÓÔ‡ÚÓ‡ı ...................................................................................É·‚‡ 14. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ‚ ÚÂÓËË ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓÒÚÂÈ14.1 ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌ˚ı ‚Â΢Ë̇ı ................................................................................14.2 ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ Á‡ÍÓ̇ı ‡ÒÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl .............................................................................óÄëíú IV.
êÄëëíéüçàü Ç èêàäãÄÑçéâ åÄíÖåÄíàäÖÉ·‚‡ 15. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ‚ ÚÂÓËË „‡ÙÓ‚15.1 ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ ‚¯Ë̇ı „‡Ù‡ .........................................................................................15.2 ɇÙ˚, ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÏ˚ ‚ ÚÂÏË̇ı ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËÈ ...............................................................15.3 ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ „‡Ù‡ı ..........................................................................................................15.4 ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ ‰Â‚¸flı .......................................................................................................É·‚‡ 16. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ‚ ÚÂÓËË ÍÓ‰ËÓ‚‡ÌËfl16.1 åËÌËχθÌÓ ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËÂ Ë Â„Ó ‡Ì‡ÎÓ„Ë ..........................................................................16.2 éÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ̇ ÍÓ‰‡ı .........................................................................................É·‚‡ 17. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl Ë ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓÒÚË ‚ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı17.1 èÓ‰Ó·ÌÓÒÚË Ë ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ‰Îfl ˜ËÒÎÓ‚˚ı ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ............................................................17.2 Ä̇ÎÓ„Ë Â‚ÍÎˉӂ‡ ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl .........................................................................................17.3 èÓ‰Ó·ÌÓÒÚË Ë ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ‰Îfl ·Ë̇Ì˚ı ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ...........................................................17.4 äÓÂÎflˆËÓÌÌ˚ ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓÒÚË Ë ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ....................................................................12ëÓ‰ÂʇÌËÂÉ·‚‡ 18. ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ‚ χÚÂχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ËÌÊÂÌÂËË18.1 ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ‚ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË ‰‚ËÊÂÌËfl ................................................................................18.2 ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ‰Îfl ÍÎÂÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ‡‚ÚÓχÚÓ‚ ..............................................................................18.3 ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ‚ ÚÂÓËË ÍÓÌÚÓÎfl ...........................................................................................18.4 åéÖÄ ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËfl ...............................................................................................................óÄëíú V.
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