01-04-2020-Oxford_English_for_Infomation_Technology (1171844), страница 16
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Every page on yoursite should be accessible from every other onewithin four clicks. You should regularly reexamineyour page structure and links, and make necessaryadjustments. People come to your site to findinformation — don't make them dig for it.7 Shun SearchMost sites have a search function, but try todiscourage its use as much as possible.
Even thebest search engines turn up irrelevant matches,and visitors may not know how to use yourseffectively. Logical, clearly placed links are morelikely to help visitors find what they want.8 Passing LanesProvide multiple paths through your site sovisitors aren't restricted to one style of browsing.For most sites, a pull-down navigation menu is aneasy addition that offers an alternative routethrough your pages, without wasting space.9 Overwhelming OptionsDon't overwhelm visitors by presenting dozens ofplaces that they can go. A large number of choicesis not necessarily a good thing.Finally, if you feel like curling up with a goodbook, I recommend Jennifer Fleming's WebNavigation: Designing the User Experience fromO'Reilly & Associates.98 UNIT 14 WebsitesNow exchange information orally to complete this tablesummarising the whole text.TextAdviceText16273849Advice5LANGUAGE WORKStudy these examples of advice from thetexts you read in Task 4.You can use the modal verb should:1Had better is for advice which is close to awarning.
It indicates something unpleasantwill happen if the advice is not taken:5Your navigation system should be based ontext links.If you're committed to using frames onyour site, you'd better commit yourself tosome extra work too.You can use an imperative:Other ways to give advice are:236Avoid frames wherever possible.Don't change the location of yournavigation elements.Note that avoid is followed by the -ing form.For example:4Avoid using frames.PROBLEM-SOLVING/ recommend Jennifer Fleming's WebNavigation.7 It's a good idea to visit a few larger sites.To make advice more persuasive, you canadd the reason for your advice. For example:It's a good idea to visit a few larger sites[advice] to get some ideas on designing aneffective site map [reason].Evaluate any one of these sites using the seven points listed inTask 2 and any of the advice given on website design in this unit.www.
environment-agency. gov. ukwww. compaq. comwww. abcissa. force9. co. uk/birdsnews. bbc. co. ukwww. orange. co. ukUNIT 14 Websites99With. the help of the texts summarised in Task 5, give advice onthese aspects of navigation design. Use a variety of ways. Addreasons for your advice where possible.1 text links2 graphical buttons3 ALT text captions4 site map5 frames6 position of navigation elements7 logical links8 search function9 number of links on a pageWith the help of Unit 12, Task 6, give advice on these featuresof free Internet Service Providers.1 Sign up software on CD-ROM2 Local call rates for online time3 National call rates for online time4 Initial set-up fee5 Web-based mail6 POP3 email7 Free Web space8 Access to newsgroups9 Customer support10 Reliable service11 Multiple ISP accountsSPEAKINGWork in pairs, A and B.
Complete your website flowchart withthe help of your partner. Do not show your section of the flowchart toyour partner but do answer any questions your partner asks. Makesure all links are included in your completed chart.Student AStudent BWRITINGYour section of the flowchart is on page 186.Your section of the flowchart is on page 192.Write an evaluation of one of the websites listed in Task 6 or awebsite of your choice.100UNIT 14 WebsitesSPECIALIST READINGXML Takes on HTMLBFind the answers to these questions in thefollowing text.12What languages were derived from SGML?What type of language is used to structureand format elements of a document?Name two metalanguages.What elements of data is XML (but notHTML) concerned with?What is meant by the term 'extensible'?What makes XML a more intelligentlanguage than HTML?What does the HTML markup tag <p>indicate?Why are search engines able to do a betterjob with XML documents?What type of website is particularly likely tobenefit from XML?Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) isthe language that spawned both HTML (HyperTextMarkup Language) and XML (extensible MarkupLanguage).
SGML is not a true language, it is ametalanguage, which is a language from which youcan create other languages. In this case, it is thecreation of a markup language (a system ofencoded instructions for structuring andformatting electronic document elements).3456789HTML is an application-specific derivation ofSGML. It is a set of codes, generally used forwebpages, that creates electronic documentsaccording to rules established by SGML. HTML is alanguage that is all about the presentation of yourinformation, not what the actual data is.
You can,therefore, say that HTML is a presentationlanguage.XML is a subset of SGML, but it is also, like SGML,a metalanguage. XML defines a specific method forcreating text formats for data so that files areprogram independent, platform independent, andsupport internationalisation (able to read differentlanguages, etc. ) In fact, because XML is anextensible language, you don't even have to have abrowser to interpret the page. Applications canparse the XML document and read the informationwithout any human intervention.XML, unlike HTML, is concerned with the identity,meaning and structure of data. XML is extensiblebecause it lets website developers create their ownset of customised tags for documents.
This abilityto define your own tags is the main feature of XML,and it is what gives developers more flexibility.By defining your own markup tags, you canexplicitly define the content in the document. Thismakes XML a more intelligent markup languagethan HTML. For example, in HTML, you couldhave a paragraph tag <p> preceding a paragraphabout baseball. Your Web browser sees this tag andknows to present the following text as a paragraph.All your browser knows about the text, however, isthat it is text; it doesn't know that it is specificallyabout baseball. In an XML document, you coulddefine a <BASEBALL> tag to refer specifically tothe text in the paragraph in your document. Thisway, when your XML browser examines thedocument, the document knows what data itcontains, and that makes the content moreUNIT 14 WebsitesXML - INFORMATION ABOUT INFORMATIONHow the same information is marked up for HTML and XMLweb pages.
Source: IBM0101Re-read the text to find the answers tothese questions.1 Mark the following statements as True orFalse:Rendering HTMLaHTML tags describe how the data will appear on screen.! © BROWSERMrs. Mary McGoony1401 Main StreetAnytownNC34829Rendering XMLHTML is no longer useful for creatingwebpages.b SGML is more complex than XMLc XML files can only be used on Unix systems.d XML files can only be read by browserprograms.e HTML is a markup language.f Internet searches will be better with XMLfiles.2 Match the terms in Table A with thestatements in Table B.Table AaMetadatabMetalanguagecHTMLd XMLeMarkup languageTable BXML tags contain information about what the data is.intelligent.
Search engines that make use of XMLdata can do a better job of finding the pages youare looking for because of the intelligent nature ofXML content.XML, by design, does not deal with how the data isdisplayed to the end user. Because HTML is apresentation language, XML documents use HTMLtags to help handle the visual formatting of thedocument. Also, you can use XML in your HTMLdocuments to provide metadata, which is dataabout data in the document.XML will do to the Web and e-commerce whatHTML originally did to the Internet.
XML and itsassociated applications have the potential to blowthe roof off the Internet and how we do business.[Adapted from 'XML Takes On HTML', Smart Computing GuideSeries Volume 8 Issue 1, January 2000. Graphic from 'Web learnsnew language', Guardian Online, Thursday November 25 1999]iExtensible markup languageiiA coding system used for structuring andformatting documentsiii Data about dataiv An example of a page presentationlanguagev A language from which you can createother languagesUNIT 15 INTERVIEWWebpage CreatorSTARTERMatch these reviews of websites to their titles. Some wordsand parts of words have been omitted. Try to replace them.12345BabelfishFish I.D.Strangely SatisfyingSheepnetDownload.comReuieius ofwebsite***** are either white orblack. Guaranteed to raisea smile.If you want to buy oldcomics, old toys such asplastic fish for your bath,nodding dogs for your carand many other strangeand bizarre items, this siteis for you.Trouble identifying *****?This site has pictures,quizzes, a special corner forchildren and a handyreference on all kinds ofaquatic life.
It also hosts adiscussion area for allconcerned with the marineenvironment.Everything you ever wantedto know or didn't want toknow about *****. Breeds,pictures and fascinatingfacts including theinformation that almost allCan't remember the wordin English or any othermajor language? Try *****for an instant translation.Easy to use.
Just type inyour text. Choose thelanguage you want andselect 'Search'. You canalso translate websites.Only drawback is that youget a literal translation.Don't expect ***** to copewith slang or idioms.Whether it's demos, fullfreeware or sharewareproducts you are lookingfor, the chances are you'llbe able to find it here.Rather usefully the site alsocontains all major driversand development tools pretty much anything youcould ever want to help youget the most out of your PCreally. Well worth a visitwhatever it is you'relooking for.Carry out a survey of websites built by your classmates.Complete this table for at least 4 sites.John lives in North Dakota. Here he talks about hisLISTENINGwebsite.Listen to the recording and complete this table about his site.NAMESITE NAMETOPICSITE ADDRESSWHY SPECLAST UPDATEDListen to the recording again to find the answers to thesequestions.12345678Why did John choose this topic?What package is Netscape Composer a part of?What previous experience did he have of website creation?What's the price of his 'free' domain name?What does he mean by 'Yahoo! just seems to swallowsubmissions'?What do you think Yahoo! Clubs are?List 4 tips he gives for other website builders.List 4 website addresses he mentions.LANGUAGE WORKStudy this extract from the interview.IJWhat do you intend to do next with yoursite?I'm going to update the Movie Journalsection and I'd like to build in new links.Why doesn't John say, 'and I'm going to buildin new links'?Later John says,J .
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