8 Регуляция экспрессии генов. Система передачи сигнала (1160077), страница 5
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Science 200,1236-1245.A history of the development of radioimmunoassays; the author's Nobel lecture.Tissue-Specific Metabolism: Division ofLaborArias, I.M., Jakoby, W.B., Popper, H., Schachter,D., & Shafritz, D.A. (eds) (1988) The Liver: Biologyand Pathobiology, 2nd edn, Raven Press, NewYork.An advanced-level text; includes chapters on themetabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins inthe liver.Hormones: Communication among Cells andTissuesCrapo, L. (1985) Hormones: The Messengers ofLife, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.A short, entertaining account of the history and recent state of hormone research.Snyder, S.H. (1985) The molecular basis of communication between cells. Sci. Am. 253 (October),132-141.An introductory-level discussion of the human endocrine system.Hormonal Regulation of Fuel MetabolismHarris, R.A.
& Crabb, D.W. (1992) Metabolic interrelationships. In Textbook of Biochemistry withClinical Correlations, 3rd edn (Devlin, T.M., ed),pp. 576-606, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.A description of the metabolic interplay amonghuman tissues during normal metabolism, and theeffect on tissue-specific energy metabolism of thestresses of exercise, lactation, diabetes, and renaldisease.Pilkis, S.J. & Claus, T.H.
(1991) Hepatic gluconeogenesis/glycolysis: regulation and structure/function relationships of substrate cycle enzymes.Annu. Rev. Nutr. 11, 465-515.A review at the advanced level.Roach, P.J. (1990) Control of glycogen synthase byhierarchal protein phosphorylation. FASEB J. 4,2961-2968.Phosphorylation of one enzyme at several positionsby several different protein kinases can producefinely graded changes in enzyme activity.Molecular Mechanisms of SignalTransductionAaronson, S.A. (1991) Growth factors and cancer.Science 254, 1146-1153.A clear description of defects in the signal-transducing mechanisms that regulate cell division,which result from mutations in the genes forgrowth-factor receptors.Becker, A.B.
& Roth, R.A. (1990) Insulin receptorstructure and function in normal and pathologicalconditions. Annu. Rev. Med. 41, 99-115.A brief description of the structure of the receptorand its gene, and a discussion of the clinical syndromes associated with receptor defects.Berridge, M.J. (1985) The molecular basis of communication within the cell. Sci. Am. 253 (October),142-152.An introduction to the transductions mediated byadenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase, and phospholipase C.Berridge, M.J. & Irvine, R.F.
(1989) Inositol phosphates and cell signalling. Nature 341, 197-205.Not the latest, but one of the best descriptions of therole of inositol phospholipids in signal transduction.Brent, G.A., Moore, D.D., & Larsen, P.R. (1991)Thyroid hormone regulation of gene expression.Annu. Rev. Physiol. 53, 17-36.An advanced discussion.Collins, S., Lohse, M.J., O'Dowd, B., Caron, M.G.,& Lefkowitz, R.J. (1991) Structure and regulationof G protein-coupled receptors: the /32-adrenergicreceptor as a model. Vitam.
Horm. 46, 1-39.An advanced discussion.Fisher, S.K., Heacock, A.M., & Agranoff, B.W.(1992) Inositol lipids and signal transduction in thenervous system: an update. J. Neurochem. 58,1838.A review of inositol phospholipids in signaling, including a good description of the various phosphorylated derivatives of inositol and their functions assecond messengers; advanced level.Gilman, A.G.
(1989) G proteins and regulation ofadenylyl cyclase. JAMA 262, 1819-1825.Chapter 22 Integration and Hormonal Regulation of Mammalian MetabolismHille, B. (1991) Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes, 2nd edn, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland,MA.Very broad coverage, at an intermediate level.Hollenberg, M.D.
(1991) Structure-activity relationships for transmembrane signaling: the receptor's turn. FASEB J. 5, 178-186.A description of how information about the aminoacid sequences of receptors, derived from cloningreceptor genes, can be used to discover structuralbases for receptor interactions with ligands, G proteins, and other elements of a transducing system.Kennelly, P.J. & Krebs, E.G. (1991) Consensussequences as substrate specificity determinants forprotein kinases and protein phosphatases.
J. BioLChem. 266, 15555-15558.A concise summary of the sequence specificity ofprotein kinases.Krebs, E.G. (1989) Role of the cyclic AMPdependent protein kinase in signal transduction.JAMA 262, 1815-1818.A clear account of the research on protein kinase Aand its history.Linder, M.E. & Gilman, A.G. (1992) G proteins.Sci. Am. 267 (July), 56-65.An introductory level description of the discoveryand functions of GTP-binding proteins.785Rasmussen, H. (1989) The cycling of calcium as anintracellular messenger. Sci.
Am. 261 (October),66-73.An introduction to the role ofCa2+ as a second messenger.Snyder, S.H. & Bredt, D.S. (1992) Biological roJesof nitric oxide. Sci. Am. 266 (May), 68-77.An intermediate-level review of the role of NO as asecond messenger.Taylor, S.S., Buechler, J.A., & Yonemoto, W.(1990) cAMP-dependent protein kinase: frameworkfor a diverse family of regulatory enzymes. Annu.Rev. Biochem. 59, 971-1005.An advanced review of the structure and function ofprotein kinase A and a comparison of its activationmechanism and catalytic mechanism with those ofother protein kinases.Ulmann, A., Teutsch, G., & Philibert, D. (1990)RU 486.
Sci. Am. 262 (June), 42-48.The effects of this steroid antagonist, the "morningafter pill," on the female reproductive system; anintroduction.Ullrich, A. & Schlessinger, J. (1990) Signal transduction by receptors with tyrosine kinase activity.Cell 61, 203-212.A review of the common structural and functionalfeatures of receptors in the insulin receptor family.O'Malley, B.W., Tsai, S.Y., Bagchi, M., Weigel,N.L., Schrader, W.T., & Tsai, M.-J.
(1991) Molecular mechanism of action of a steroid hormone receptor. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 47, 1-26.A brief history of the discovery of steroid hormonereceptors and their genes, and a review of the effectsof the hormone-receptor complex on mRNA andprotein synthesis in vitro.Problems1. ATP and Phosphocreatine as Sources of Energyfor Muscle In contracting skeletal muscle, theconcentration of phosphocreatine drops while theconcentration of ATP remains fairly constant. Explain how this happens.In a classic experiment, Robert Davies foundthat if the muscle is first treated with l-fluoro-2,4dinitrobenzene (see Fig.
5-14), the concentration ofATP in the muscle declines rapidly, whereas theconcentration of phosphocreatine remains unchanged during a series of contractions. Suggest anexplanation.2. Metabolism of Glutamate in the Brain Glutamate in the blood flowing into the brain is transformed into glutamine, which appears in the bloodleaving the brain. What is accomplished by thismetabolic conversion? How does it take place? Actually, the brain can generate more glutaminethan can be made from the glutamate entering inthe blood.
How does this extra glutamine arise?(Hint: You may want to review amino acid catabolism in Chapter 17. Recall that NH 3 is very toxic tothe brain.)786Part III Bioenergetics and Metabolism3. Absence of Glycerol Kinase in Adipose TissueGlycerol-3-phosphate is a key intermediate in thebiosynthesis of triacylglycerols. Adipocytes, whichare specialized for the synthesis and degradationof triacylglycerols, cannot directly use glycerol because they lack glycerol kinase, which catalyzesthe reactionGlycerol + ATPglycerol-3-phosphate + ADPHow does adipose tissue obtain the glycerol-3phosphate necessary for triacylglycerol synthesis?Explain.4.
Hyperglycemia in Patients with Acute Pancreatitis Patients with acute pancreatitis are treated bywithholding protein from the diet and by intravenous administration of glucose-saline solution.What is the biochemical basis for these measures?Patients undergoing this treatment commonly experience hyperglycemia. Why?5. Oxygen Consumption during Exercise A sedentary adult consumes about 0.05 L of O2 during a10 s period. A sprinter, running a 100 m race, consumes about 1 L of O2 during the same time period.After finishing the race, the sprinter will continueto breathe at an elevated but declining rate forsome minutes, consuming an extra 4 L of O2 abovethe amount consumed by the sedentary individual.(a) Why do the O2 needs increase dramaticallyduring the sprint?(b) Why do the O2 demands remain high afterthe sprint is completed?6.
Thiamin Deficiency and Brain Function Individuals with thiamin deficiency display a numberof characteristic neurological signs: loss of reflexes,anxiety, and mental confusion. Suggest a reasonwhy thiamin deficiency is manifested by changesin brain function.7. Significance of Hormone Concentration Undernormal conditions, the human adrenal medullasecretes epinephrine (C9H13NO3) at a rate sufficient to maintain a concentration of 10 ~10 M in thecirculating blood. To appreciate what that concentration means, calculate the diameter of a roundswimming pool, with a water depth of 2 m, thatwould be needed to dissolve 1 g (about 1 teaspoon)of epinephrine to a concentration equal to that inblood.8.
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