The Linguistic Culture-5 (USA-1) (1157932), страница 25
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It maintains reporters andcameramen at 122 domestic and 65 foreign news bureaus and has some 10,000 subscribes in115 countries.- newspapers, radio and television stations and other agencies which pay toreceive and use AP news and photographs.UPI has 92 domestic and 81 foreign bureaus in over 90 countries. It is estimated thataltogether, around 2 billion people get most of their news directly or indirectly through AP andUPI.According to statistics, more than 9,000 newspapers (daily, weekly, Sunday, etc.) appearin 6,516 cities and towns in the United States. Including the 85 papers published in 34 differentlanguages, the daily newspapers in the United States sell over 63 million copies a day.
There arealso more than 7,000 newspapers, which are published weekly, semiweekly or monthly.It is often said that there is no “national press” in the United States as there is in Great Britain.In one sense this is true. Most daily newspapers are distributed locally, or regionally. Americansbuy one of the big city newspapers in addition to the smaller local ones. There have beenattempts to publish truly national newspapers, e.g. USA Today. But it still has only a circulationof 1.2 million, which is not enough in a country where state, city, and local news and politicaldevelopments most deeply affect readers and are therefore especially interesting to them.The papers with large circulation and national brand The Wall Street Journal, The NewYork Times, The Washington Post, and The Los Angeles Times not only print newspapers,but also collect and sell news, news features, and photographs to hundreds of other papers inthe U.S.A.
and abroad. Many other newspapers “borrow” news from the major Americannewspapers and magazines, so their influence spreads far beyond their own readers.Political and editorial cartoons are also widely syndicated. Well-known politicalcartoonists such as Olyphant or MacNelly are known to most American and many foreignnewspapers readers.
Comic strips from Jules Feiffer, Garry Trudeau, or the creator of“Garfield” are similarly distributed. Satire and humor columns often have internationalreputations as well. . Many newspapers also use syndicated columnists as a way of balancingpolitical opinion. The so-called op-ed pages (opposite the editorial page) of newspapers,columns from leading liberal and conservative commentators are often printed side by side.Many American newspapers have Sunday editions, which are much larger than regular ones(some of them around 900 pages). Reading the Sunday paper is not only English but also anAmerican tradition.
Getting through all the sections can take readers most of the day, leaving justenough time for the leisurely Sunday dinner.Most newspapers are of the “quality” rather than the “popular” variety. But the tradition of“muckraking”- digging out the dirt and exposing it for all to see - is still extremely strong. Whensomething which has been hidden behind closed doors about public figures, politicians, judges,policemen, generals, business leaders, sports figures, or TV and movie personalities.
is broughtto the front pages, it can appear in a lot of newspapers.The American press responds by quoting their constitutional rights and proudly repeatingThomas Jefferson’s noble words: “Our liberty depends on freedom of the press, and that cannotbe limited without being lost”. The Freedom of Information Act allows anyone, includingnewspaper reporters, to get information. Even small-town newspapers employ reporters who arekept busy searching, for example, of political corruption, business malpractice, or industrialpollution. Courts and judges cannot stop a story or newspaper from being published. Almost allAmerican editors and journalists agree that news should be separated from opinion about thenews as much as possible, and that opinion and political viewpoints belong to the editorial andopinion pages.
Therefore, when a news story appears with a reporter’s name, it means that theeditors consider it to be a mixture of fact and opinion.When the Internet first engaged the attention of the newspaper industry, it looked like anew, cheap distribution medium. To papers such as The Washington Post or The New YorkTimes the internet offered a way of getting the paper around more of the country and sellingsuch products as data and analysis along with the paper..Besides newspapers there are over 11, 000 magazines and periodicals in the UnitedStates. More than 4,000 of them appear monthly, and over 1,300 are published each week.They cover all topics and interests, from art and architecture to tennis, from aviation andgardening to computers and literary criticism.
Altogether, there are about 60 magazines in theUnited States that sell over a million copies per issue each, and roughly the same number withmore than 500,000 copies per issue.Quite a few have international editions, are translated into other languages, or have“daughter” editions in other countries. Among such internationals are Time, Newsweek,and U.S. News& World Report, National Geographic, Reader’s Digest, Cosmopolitan,Vogue, Time, Newsweek,and Psychology Today.The best known professionalperiodicals The Atlantic Monthly, Harvard Educational Review, Saturday Review,National Geographic, Smithsonian (published by the Smithsonian Institution inWashington, D.C.), Scientific American, etc.
provide a broad and substantial forum forserious discussion and have a huge readership both in the USA and abroad.Radio and TelevisionThere are many different types and varieties of American radio and television:commercial, non-commercial, individual, etc. There are similar types of stations, but noone station is exactly the same as another.All radio and television stations in the United States, public or private, educational orcommercial, large and small, must be licensed to broadcast, by the independent federalagency. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Each license is given for afew years only and. can be taken away if stations do not conform to FCC regulations.There are several such regulations, preventing any single group from having too muchinfluence in any area. E.g., laws prohibit any state or the federal government from owningor operating radio or television stations (stations such as Voice of America may onlybroadcast overseas).
There is also no governmental censorship or “reviewing” of programsand content. There are no governmental boards or groups, which control any radio ortelevision broadcasting. Rather, the FCC ensures that no monopolies exist and that eacharea has a variety of types of programming and stations. It also regulates media ownership:no newspaper, for example, may also own a radio or TV station in its own area, nor may aradio station also have a television station in the same area. No single company or groupmay own more than a total of 12 stations nationwide.Another FCC regulation, the so-called Fairness Doctrine, requires stations to giveequal time to opposing views and to devote some part of their broadcasting time to “publicservice” announcements and advertising free of charge: e.g.
advertisements for Red Crossblood drives, for dental care, for programs on Alcoholics Anonymous and car safety.With this “something-for-everyone” policy, even communities with only 10,000 or sopeople often have two local radio stations. They may broadcast local stories and farmingreports, weather and road conditions in the area, city council meetings, church activities,sports events and other things of interest to the community. They also carry national andinternational news taken from large stations or networks and emphasize whatever might bethe “big story” in the small town.The big cities are served by a large number of local radio stations, of course. For instance,people who live New York, Chicago, or Los Angeleshave a choice of up to 100 AM and FMstations and many different “formats..There is also a great variety among television stations.
The majority of commercialtelevision stations buy most of their programming, roughly 70 %, from the three commercialnetworks. ABC (American Broadcasting Company), CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System),and NBC (National Broadcasting Company). Two of the TVcommercial stations inLouisville are “independent” and take their programs from a wide variety of sources. The growthof public television in the past two decades has been dramatic. PBS (Public BroadcastingService) with its 280 nonprofit, non commercial stations has become also very popular.There are plenty of cable systems serving the cities The largest cable networks are CNN{Cable News Network) which carries only news and news stories and ESPN, the all-sportscable network, or MTV, which is famous for its music videos..
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