The Linguistic Culture-2 (british media) (1157929), страница 3
Текст из файла (страница 3)
Even thePrime Minister must answer questions every Tuesday and Thursday in theCommons — this is called Prime Minister's Question Time. At the moment the UKis governed by the Conservative Party headed by Mr. David Cameron.Answer the questions:1. Which political parties in the UK do you know?2. How do elections take place?3. How many Chambers (Houses) are there in the British Parliament? What isthe difference between them?4. Who is the head of the Government?5. What is a cabinet?6.
Call any great political figures in the UK who you remember.Translate from Russian into English:Британский парламент состоит из двух палатПроводить выборыВыигрывать выборыОбразовывать правительствоСвод законовНаследовать, наследникиНе иметь реально властиСовещательный СоветПринимать участиеЗаблокировать законопроектВысший Аппеляционный судПринимать политические решенияИсполнительные и законодательные обязанностиОткрытие и роспуск парламентаВыполнение обязанностейБлагосостояниеБыть ответственнымУправлять странойEducation in BritainSchool education.Today there are a great number of schools in Britain. All state schoolsin Britain are free, and schools provide their pupils with books and equipment fortheir studies.
Education is compulsory ( обязательное) from 5 till 16 years.Children start primer school at 5 and continue until they are 11.At 11 most pupils go to secondary schools called comprehensives(общеобразовтельные школы) which accept a wide range of children from allbackgrounds.90% of secondary schools in England, Scotland and Wales are coeducational.At 16 pupils take a national exam called "GCSE" (General Certificate ofSecondary Education) and then they can leave school if they wish. This is the endof compulsory education. Some 16-year-olds continue their studies in the sixthform at school or at a sixth form college.
The sixth form prepares pupils for anational exam called "A" level (advanced level) at 18. They need "A" level toenter a university. Other 16-year-olds choose to go to a college of further educationto study for more practical (vocational) diplomas relating to the world of work,such as hairdressing, typing or mechanics.7% of British schoolchildren go to private schools called independent schools.There are 2.400 independent schools and they have been growing in number andpopularity since the mid-1980s.
Parents pay for these schools, and fees vary fromabout 2.000 pounds a term to 3.000 pounds a term or more for a secondaryboarding school. Most independent schools are called prep (preparatory) schoolsbecause they prepare the children for the Common Entrance Exam which they takeat the age of 11. This exam is for entry into the best schools.
The most famousschools are called "public schools" and they have a long history and traditions.Children of wealthy or aristocratic families often go to the same public school astheir parents and their grandparents. Eton is the best known of these schools. Themajority of independent secondary schools, including public schools, are singlesex, although in recent years girls have been allowed to join the sixth forms ofboys' schools. Independent schools also include religious schools (Jewish,Catholic. Muslim, etc.) and schools for ethnic minorities.Higher educationStudents normally enter University from 18 and study for an Academic Degree.Apart from a single private university, all undergraduate education is largely statefinanced (with tuition fees set at a maximum index-linked £3,225 per year).The typical first degree offered at British universities is the Bachelor's degree(Bachelor of Arts or of Science BA or Bess (typically three years).
During the firstdegree students are known as undergraduates. Many institutions now offer anundergraduate Master's degree (Master of Arts or of Science (MA or MSc ) as afirst degree, typically lasting four years. Some universities offer a vocationallybased Foundation degree, typically two years in length for those students who hopeto continue to take a first degree but wish to remain to work.Some students continue to complete a three-year period of original research for thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Oxford and Cambridge, founded in the 13 and 14 centuries, are the most famous ofBritain’s universities. Today “Oxbridge”, continue to attract many of the bestbrains thanks to their prestige and the beauty of many buildings and surroundings.Besides Oxbridge there are a lot of newer universities built in the 19 th century as aresult of the Industrial Revolution and the expansion of Britain’s overseas empire.With the expansion of higher education in the 1960s so-called “plate-glass”universities were established.
Over 50 polytechnics and similar higher educationinstitutes acquired university status in 1992.1 Answer the following questions:I. At what age do British children go to school?2. What types of school exist in Britain?3. What age do British pupils normally take exams?4. How can they enter Universities and colleges?5. Which types of British universities do you know?6. What degrees do British students receive on leaving universities?2.Translate from Russian into English:Обязательное школьное образованиеГосударственнные , общеобразовательные, средние школыПрофессиональное образованиеОплата за учебуПоступить в университет,семестр.Science and technology in the United KingdomA Watt steam engine, which powered theIndustrial Revolution in the United Kingdom and played a key role in itbecoming the world's first industrialised nation.Science and technology in the United Kingdom has a longhistory, producing many important figures and developments inthe field.
England and Scotland were leading centres of theScientific Revolution from the 17th century and the UnitedKingdom led the Industrial Revolution from the 18th century, andhas continued to produce scientists and engineers credited withimportant advances. Some of the major theories, discoveries andapplications advanced by people from the UK are given below.Major theorists from the UK include Isaac Newton (1643-1727),physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, whose lawsof motion and illumination of gravity have been seen as a keystone ofmodern scienceand Charles Darwin (1809–82) whose theory of evolution by naturalselection was fundamental to the development of modern biology.[Major scientific discoveries include hydrogen by Henry Cavendish (1731-1810),Major engineering projects and applications pursued by people from the UKinclude the steam locomotive developed by Richard Trevithick (1771-1833) andAndrew Vivian(1759-1842),The electric motor, by Michael Faraday (1771–1867), who largely made electricityviable for use in technology.The theory of aerodynamics, by Sir George Cayley (1773–1857).The first public steam railway, by George Stephenson (1781–1848).The first commercial electrical telegraph, co-invented by Sir William FothergillCooke (1806–79) and Charles Wheatstone (1802–75).First tunnel under a navigable river, first all iron ship and first railway to runexpress services, contributed to by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–59).The invention of the incandescent light bulb (лампы накаливания), byJoseph Swan (1826–1914).The unification of electromagnetism, by James Clerk Maxwell (1831–79).The first practical telephone, patented by Alexander Graham Bell(1847–1922).The UK continues to play a major role in the development of scienceand technology and major technological sectors include theaerospace, motor and pharmaceutical industries.The discovery of penicillin, by biologist and pharmacologist, SirAlexander Fleming (1881–1955).The world's first working television system, and colour television,by John Logie Baird (1888–1946).The first meaningful synthesis of quantum mechanics with specialrelativity by Paul Dirac (1902–84) in the equation named afterhim, and his subsequent prediction of antimatter.The invention of the jet engine, by Frank Whittle (1907–96).The invention of the hovercraft (судно на воздушной подушке),by Christopher Cockerell (1910–99).The colossus computer, the first digital computer , by Alan Turing(1912–54).The structure of DNA, by Francis Crick (1916–2004).The World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee (1989).The theoretical breakthrough of the Higgs mechanism to explainelectroweak symmetry breaking and why some particles havemass, by Peter Higgs (1929-).Theories in cosmology, quantum gravity and black holes, byStephen Hawking (1942–).Стивен Уильям ХокингStephen William HawkingThe UK remains a leading centre of automotive design and production,particularly of engines, and has around 2,600 component manufacturers.The UK plays a leading part in the aerospace industry, withcompanies including Rolls-Royce playing a leading role in theaero-engine market;BAE Systems (оборонная компания, занимающаяся разработками в областивооружений и информационной безопасности) acting as Britain's largest andthe Pentagon's sixth largest defence supplier, and large companies includingGKN (концерн, производящий компоненты автомобилей, вертолетов, сельхозтехники и др.) acting as major suppliers to the Airbus project.
The AirbusA380 has wings and engines manufactured inthe UK.TwoBritish-basedcompanies,GlaxoSmithKlineandAstraZeneca,ranked in the top five pharmaceuticalcompanies in the world by sales in 2009 and UK companies havediscovered and developed more leading medicines than any othercountry apart from the US.Scientific research and development remains important inBritish universities, with many establishing science parksto facilitate production and co-operation with industry.Between 2004 and 2012 the UK produced 6% of theworld's scientific research papers and had an 8% share ofscientific citations, the third- and second-highest in theworld (after the United States' 9% and China's 7%respectively). Scientific journals produced in the UKinclude Nature, the British Medical Journal and TheLancet(ланцет, копье).Suggested themes for the projects (compositions) onthe UK life ( 5-12 pp).12345678Importantscientific and technological advancesmade by people from the UKScientific researchCultural life.Music.Literature and writersMuseums and interesting sightsNational life and charactersPersonalitiesCHAPTER VI British MediaThe term “media” may include anycommunication system by which people areinformed, educated or entertained.
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