The Linguistic Culture-2 (british media) (1157929), страница 13
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The political rights of Black people were not securedeither. Under the free interpretation of the 15 th amendment the freedmen were actually deniedPPsuffrage on the grounds that they lacked education and property.At the same time the white opposition to the Reconstruction in the Southern states wasgrowing. In 1869 the racist organization Ku-Klux-Klan added violence to the whites’ resistance.Despite federal efforts to protect black people, they were intimidated at the polls, robbed of theirearnings, beaten, or murdered. The Klan’s purpose was not only economic (to keep the slavery)but also openly political and social, as Klansmen also attacked white philanthropists andschoolteachers who openly showed their support of the Black people.
None who helped to raisethe status of the blacks was safe.The K.K.K’s actions moved Congress in 1871 to pass two Force acts directed against itsviolence. These acts permitted the use of martial law against the Klansmen, but for a long timeproved unsuccessful in combating the Klan’s activities. In 1870s the failure of theReconstruction became apparent. American reform movements achieved only partial success.When in 1872 the Amnesty Act was adopted which amnestied the white rebels,terrorism against blacks even widened. Between 1874 and 1876 a series of “race riots” sweptacross the South.
Nighttime visits; whippings, and murder became common phenomena. Afterthat thousands of blacks started migrating to the North, first to Kansas City and then fartherNorth. Thus the nation ended over 16 years of bloody war without establishing real freedom forBlack Americans.The Indian PolicyThe plight of the Indian population was even worse. The land-hungry Americanpioneers stopped at nothing in their drive to the West. In 1830 the Indian Removal Act waspassed. The terrible implementation of this Act produced one of the darkest chapters inAmerican history.
The story of treaties and broken agreements, raids and massacres, wasrepeated in the settlement of the trans-Mississippi West and the Northwest.The period after the Civil War was the period of the reservation policy. The blocksof land where Indians were forced to live were usually the poorest barren places wherenobody else wanted to live. Extermination of the buffalo herds eventually led to destruction ofthe traditional Indian life as they had always lived on the buffalo hunt, and their ritual andworship had been dedicated to its success.
The disappearance of the buffalo left the Indiansstarving, purposeless and hopeless.By the 20-th century poverty, perpetual hunger, European diseases and hostilities hadreduced the Indian population in reservations to only 250000.The Indian civilization wasfacing extinction. Indians were not allowed to keep their traditional culture, dances, religionand language.1.
Answer the questions.1. What was the situation with Indians and black slaves in the USA after the Revolution?2. Were Indians and Blacks granted Civil rights?3. Why did the abolition issue become particularly stressful in the 1850?4. How did the southerners regard slavery?5. How did the secession process develop?6. What was Abraham Lincoln attitude to slavery?7. How did the Civil War actually start?8. How long did the war last?9.
Were the black slaves liberated immediately after the Civil War? What instruments weredesigned by Southern whites to terrorize blacks?10.What were the activities of the K. K. K.?11.Why did black Americans fail to achieve real equality during the term of reconstruction?2.
Render the texts in English:A).Завоевание независимости было лишь первым шагом, облегчавшим путь кмодернизации. Прошло лишь несколько десятилетий после американской революции, какпоявилась новая проблема, грозившая стране разрушением государственного единстваили отходом от завоеваний демократии. Эту проблему создавало растущее противоречиемежду городским, индустриальным, демократическим Севером и Югом, который попрежнему оставался рабовладельческим и сельскохозяйственным.
После революциимногие политические деятели, в том числе и Дж. Вашингтон, думали, что рабство,запрещенное в северных штатах, постепенно, само собой будет исчезать и на Юге. Однакоход событий был совсем иным.Выращиваниехлопка,сахарноготростникаитабаканарыноктребовалиорганизованного труда большого количества людей. По мере того, как США расширялисвои границы, присоединяя или осваивая новые территории, Юг поднимал вопрос ораспространении рабства на вновь образовавшиеся штаты. Между Севером и Югомвспыхивали острые конфликты из-за штатов Миссури, Канзас, Нью-Мексико. Постепенновсе более реальной становилась возможность политического отделения южных штатов.
Вапреле 1861 г. южные рабовладельческие штаты подняли мятеж (апрель 1861 г.) с цельюсохранения рабства и распространения его по всей стране.В) Приход к власти А. Линкольна – непримиримого противника рабства и тем более егораспространения на новые территории – ознаменовал начало давно назревавшейгражданской войны. Военные действия длились с 1861 по 1865 г. и нанесли странеогромный урон. Помимо людских потерь были и потери экономические. Некоторыегорода (Колумбия, Ричмонд, Атланта) были сожжены до основания, многие заводы ижелезные дороги разрушены. На первом этапе (1861-1862 гг.) война со стороны Северавелась нерешительно, “по конституционному”, что привело к ряду военных пораженийсеверян.
Второй этап характеризуется революционными методами ведения войны сучастием широких народных масс. В 1864-1865 гг. были разгромлены основные силыюжан и в апреле 1865 г. взят город Ричмонд – столица рабовладельческих штатов. ПобедаСевера сохранила страну как единое государство. Она уничтожила господствоплантаторов и рабство (официально отменено 1 января 1863 г.) и создала условия длякапиталистической индустриализации и освоения западных земель.
На большой частитерритории США победил фермерский (так называемый американский) путь развитиякапитализма в сельском хозяйстве. Однако взаимная ненависть на долгие годыразъединяла южан и северян. Гражданская война не принесла действительной свободычерным рабам, освобожденным без земли. По стране бродили тысячи бывшихневольников, потерявших хозяев и привычное место работы.В) Индейцы в Америке.
В течение двух веков американское правительство велонастоящую войну против “краснокожих”, виноватых только в том, что они занималипрекрасные плодородные земли. Это была долгая кровопролитная война, исход которойбыл предрешен. Силой и обманом индейцев заставляли подписывать договоры окапитуляции и под вооруженным конвоем отправляли в резервации, на самыебесплодные, не пригодные для жизни человека территории. Это было сознательнаяполитика “расчистки” нового континента от его хозяев.3. Discussion Points:I.The main reasons of the Civil War.2.The abolition of slavery.3.Abraham Lincoln and his Contribution to American history.Chapter II. Years of GrowthH1896 Ford QuadricycleRead and translate the words and word combinations:backwaterslumsA slaughter houseto streamlineobliterateinstallment planto be plaguedthugsto succumb(syn.
submit, relent)military conscription actto work at full swingto clang (clangorous)to pay the waydesegregationunscrupulousincipientto put down the riota dismal failureto pave the wayrelocation policyAfter the end of the Civil War the United States continued the acquisition of the newterritories. The United States acted like an imperial nation, gathering and settling newterritories, pushing aside those who stood in its path. In 1867 the United States bought Alaskafrom Russia, later Spain gave most of its oversea empire to the USA – Cuba, the Philippines,Puerto Rico and a small Pacific island Guam.
At the same time the USA also annexed Hawaii- a group of islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Having started as a colonial country,the USA quickly became a colonial power herself.In the early 1900s the American government wanted to build a canal across theIsthmus of Panama to join North and South America and separates the Caribbean Sea fromthe Pacific Ocean.
As the Columbian government was slow to give the Americans permissionto build the canal, in 1903 president Theodore Roosevelt sent warships to Panama. Thewarships helped a small group of Panamanian businessmen to rebel against the Columbiangovernment and to give the Americans Control over a ten-and-a-half-mile wide strip of landcalled the Canal Zone.Parallel to the acquisition of the oversea lands the USA continued the settlements ofNorth American territories.
After the “Gold Rush» in California gold and silver were alsodiscovered in Colorado, Nevada and Arizona, Wyoming and Dakota. Some former miningsettlements grew into permanent communities. New towns sprang up throughout the gold andsilver regions.Within twenty-five years after the end of the Civil War the Great Plains weredivided into States and territories of the USA. Ranchers were feeding large herds of cattle onthe “sea of grass”; farmers were using the latest harvesting technology on the large irrigatedfields of “Great American Desert” to grow wheat.
By 1890 the separate areas of settlementon the Pacific Coast and along the Mississippi River had moved together and the wildernesshad been largely conquered.In the 1880s great Mesabi deposits of iron were found near lake Superior. Soon theMesabi became one of the largest producers of iron ore in the world. Besides iron at that timea great amount of coal was being extracted in the USA. Iron and coal were used to make steelfor the railroads, locomotive, freight wagons and passenger cars. The first railroad finished in1869 and was quickly joined by others. By 1884 four more major transcontinental lines hadcrossed the continent to link the Atlantic with the Pacific Coasts.
New towns appeared alongthe railroads. By 1890 the industries of USA were earning the country more than itsfarmlands. Within a few decades after the civil war the USA transformed from anundeveloped backwater into a primary world power..By 1913 more than one third of the whole world’s industrial production had beenoriginated from the mines and factories of the USA. The growth of American industry wasorganized and controlled by the number of powerful businessmen like Andrew Carnegie, theowner of the giant Carneqie steel corporation and D. Rockfeller, the “king” of the growing oilindustry. As the corporations grew bigger and more powerful, they often became “trusts”. Bythe early 20-century the trusts had controlled large parts of American industry. The biggesttrusts were richer than most other nations.
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