The Linguistic Culture-1 (1157928), страница 3
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How do elections take place?4. How many Chambers (Houses) are there in the British Parliament? What isthe difference between them?5. Who is the head of the Government?6. What is a cabinet?7. Call any great political figures in the UK who you remember.Translate from Russian into English:Британский парламент состоит из двух палатПроводить выборыВыигрывать выборыОбразовывать правительствоСвод законовНаследовать, наследникиНе иметь реально властиСовещательный СоветПринимать участиеЗаблокировать законопроектВысший Аппеляционный судПринимать политические решенияИсполнительные и законодательные обязанностиОткрытие и роспуск парламентаВыполнение обязанностейБлагосостояниеБыть ответственнымУправлять странойEducation in BritainSchool education.Today there are a great number of schools in Britain. All state schoolsin Britain are free, and schools provide their pupils with books and equipment fortheir studies.
Education is compulsory ( обязательное) from 5 till 16 years.Children start primer school at 5 and continue until they are 11.At 11 most pupils go to secondary schools called comprehensives(общеобразовтельные школы) which accept a wide range of children from allbackgrounds.90% of secondary schools in England, Scotland and Wales are coeducational.At 16 pupils take a national exam called "GCSE" (General Certificate ofSecondary Education) and then they can leave school if they wish.
This is the endof compulsory education. Some 16-year-olds continue their studies in the sixthform at school or at a sixth form college. The sixth form prepares pupils for anational exam called "A" level (advanced level) at 18. They need "A" level toenter a university. Other 16-year-olds choose to go to a college of further educationto study for more practical (vocational) diplomas relating to the world of work,such as hairdressing, typing or mechanics.7% of British schoolchildren go to private schools called independent schools.There are 2.400 independent schools and they have been growing in number andpopularity since the mid-1980s. Parents pay for these schools, and fees vary fromabout 2.000 pounds a term to 3.000 pounds a term or more for a secondaryboarding school. Most independent schools are called prep (preparatory) schoolsbecause they prepare the children for the Common Entrance Exam which they takeat the age of 11.
This exam is for entry into the best schools. The most famousschools are called "public schools" and they have a long history and traditions.Children of wealthy or aristocratic families often go to the same public school astheir parents and their grandparents. Eton is the best known of these schools. Themajority of independent secondary schools, including public schools, are singlesex, although in recent years girls have been allowed to join the sixth forms ofboys' schools.
Independent schools also include religious schools (Jewish,Catholic. Muslim, etc.) and schools for ethnic minorities.Higher educationStudents normally enter University from 18 and study for an Academic Degree.Apart from a single private university, all undergraduate education is largely statefinanced (with tuition fees set at a maximum index-linked £3,225 per year).The typical first degree offered at British universities is the Bachelor's degree(Bachelor of Arts or of Science BA or Bess (typically three years). During the firstdegree students are known as undergraduates. Many institutions now offer anundergraduate Master's degree (Master of Arts or of Science (MA or MSc ) as afirst degree, typically lasting four years. Some universities offer a vocationallybased Foundation degree, typically two years in length for those students who hopeto continue to take a first degree but wish to remain to work.Some students continue to complete a three-year period of original research for thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Oxford and Cambridge, founded in the 13 and 14 centuries, are the most famous ofBritain’s universities.
Today “Oxbridge”, continue to attract many of the bestbrains thanks to their prestige and the beauty of many buildings and surroundings.Besides Oxbridge there are a lot of newer universities built in the 19 th century as aresult of the Industrial Revolution and the expansion of Britain’s overseas empire.With the expansion of higher education in the 1960s so-called “plate-glass”universities were established. Over 50 polytechnics and similar higher educationinstitutes acquired university status in 1992.1 Answer the following questions:I. At what age do British children go to school?2. What types of school exist in Britain?3.
What age do British pupils normally take exams?4. How can they enter Universities and colleges?5. Which types of British universities do you know?6. What degrees do British students receive on leaving universities?2.Translate from Russian into English:Обязательное школьное образованиеГосударственнные , общеобразовательные, средние школыПрофессиональное образованиеОплата за учебуПоступить в университет,семестр.Science and technology in the United KingdomA Watt steam engine, which powered the Industrial Revolution in the UnitedKingdom and played a key role in it becoming the world's first industrialisednation.[1]Science and technology in the United Kingdom has a long history, producing manyimportant figures and developments in the field. Major theorists from the UKinclude Isaac Newton whose laws of motion and illumination of gravity havebeen seen as a keystone of modern science and Charles Darwin whose theory ofevolution by natural selection was fundamental to the development of modernbiology.
Major scientific discoveries include hydrogen by Henry Cavendish,penicillin by Alexander Fleming, and the structure of DNA, by Francis Crickand others. Major engineering projects and applications pursued by people fromthe UK include the steam locomotive developed by Richard Trevithick andAndrew Vivian, the jet engine by Frank Whittle and the World Wide Web byTim Berners-Lee.
The UK continues to play a major role in the development ofscience and technology and major technological sectors include the aerospace,motor and pharmaceutical industries.Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727), who is widely regarded as the founder ofmodern physics and mathematics[2]England and Scotland were leading centres of the ScientificRevolution from the 17th century[3] and the United Kingdom ledthe Industrial Revolution from the 18th century,[4] and hascontinued to produce scientists and engineers credited withimportant advances.[5] Some of the major theories, discoveriesand applications advanced by people from the UK are givenbelow.The laws of motion and illumination of gravity, by physicist, mathematician,astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian, Sir Isaac Newton(1643–1727).[6]The discovery of hydrogen, by Henry Cavendish (1731–1810).[7]The steam locomotive, by Richard Trevithick (1771–1833) and AndrewVivian (1759–1842).[8]The electric motor, by Michael Faraday (1771–1867), who largely madeelectricity viable for use in technology.[9]The theory of aerodynamics, by Sir George Cayley (1773–1857).[10]The first public steam railway, by George Stephenson (1781–1848).[11]The first commercial electrical telegraph, co-invented by Sir WilliamFothergill Cooke (1806–79) and Charles Wheatstone (1802–75).[12][13]First tunnel under a navigable river, first all iron ship and first railway to runexpress services, contributed to by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–59).[14]Charles Darwin (1809–82) whose theory of evolution by naturalselectionnatural selection, by Charles Darwin (1809–82).[15]The invention of the incandescent light bulb (лампынакаливания), by Joseph Swan (1826–1914).The unification of electromagnetism, by James Clerk Maxwell(1831–79).The first practical telephone, patented by Alexander Graham Bell(1847–1922).The discovery of penicillin, by biologist and pharmacologist, SirAlexander Fleming (1881–1955).The world's first working television system, and colour television,by John Logie Baird (1888–1946).The first meaningful synthesis of quantum mechanics with specialrelativity by Paul Dirac (1902–84) in the equation named afterhim, and his subsequent prediction of antimatter.The invention of the jet engine, by Frank Whittle (1907–96).The invention of the hovercraft (судно на воздушной подушке),by Christopher Cockerell (1910–99).The colossus computer, the first digital computer , by Alan Turing(1912–54).The structure of DNA, by Francis Crick (1916–2004).The theoretical breakthrough of the Higgs mechanism to explainelectroweak symmetry breaking and why some particles havemass, by Peter Higgs (1929-).Theories in cosmology, quantum gravity and black holes, byStephen Hawking (1942–).Стивен Уильям ХокингStephen William HawkingThe invention of the World Wide Web, by Tim Berners-Lee (1989).The Airbus A380 has wings and engines manufactured in the UK.The UK plays a leading part in the aerospace industry, withcompanies including Rolls-Royce playing a leading role in theaero-engine market;BAE Systems ( оборонная компания, занимающаясяразработками в области вооружений и информационнойбезопасности) acting as Britain's largest and the Pentagon's sixthlargest defence supplier, and large companies including GKN(концерн,производящийкомпонентыавтомобилей,вертолетов, сельхоз техники и др.)acting as major suppliers tothe Airbus project.TwoBritish-basedcompanies,GlaxoSmithKlineandAstraZeneca, ranked in the top five pharmaceutical companies inthe world by sales in 2009 and UK companies have discoveredand developed more leading medicines than any other countryapart from the US.The UK remains a leading centre of automotive design andproduction, particularly of engines, and has around 2,600component manufacturers.Scientificresearchanddevelopmentremainsimportant in British universities, with many establishingscience parks to facilitate production and co-operationwith industry.
Between 2004 and 2012 the UK produced6% of the world's scientific research papers and had an8% share of scientific citations, the third- and secondhighest in the world (after the United States' 9% andChina's 7% respectively). Scientific journals produced inthe UK include Nature, the British Medical Journal andThe Lancet(ланцет, копье)Suggested themes for the projects (compositions) onthe UK life ( 5-12 pp).12345678Importantscientific and technological advancesmade by people from the UKScientific researchCultural life.Music.Literature and writersMuseums and interesting sightsNational life and charactersPersonalities.
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