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NameDateClassSection1.1 What is biology?SC.F.1.4.7 The student knows that organisms respond to internal and external stimuli. Also covers SC.D.2.4.1,SC.G.1.4.1, SC.H.3.4.3, SC.H.3.4.6◗ Before You ReadWhen you hear the word biology, what do you think of? In the space below, make a list of some ofthe topics you think you will learn about as you study biology.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________◗ Read to LearnCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.The Science of BiologyBiology is the study of life.
When you study biology you willlearn about all of the different kinds of living things. You willlearn where they live, what they are like, how they depend oneach other, and how they behave.One of the main ideas in biology is that living things dependon each other. They are part of what is called the balance ofnature. All living things interact with other living things andwith the world they live in. Without these relationships, nothingwould survive.Humans need plants and animals to supply us with food andraw materials, such as wood, oil, and cotton.
Plants provide theoxygen in our air.Create a Quiz After youhave read this section, createa five-question quiz based onwhat you have learned. Then,partner with another studentand exchange quizzes. Aftertaking the quizzes, reviewyour answers together.Biologists Study the Diversity of LifeThe study of one living thing always involves studying otherliving things. Knowing how human life depends on nature andother living things is the only way that humans can expect tounderstand how to keep Earth healthy.
With this knowledge,researchers can find ways to prevent diseases. Scientists can alsofind ways to help save living things that are in danger of becoming extinct and solve other problems.1. What is biology?________________________________________________________________________READING ESSENTIALSChapter 11NameDateClassSection1.1What is biology?, continuedCharacteristics ofLiving ThingsSometimes it is difficult to tellthe difference between living andnonliving things. At times, nonliving things have one or more ofthe characteristics of life, but it isnecessary to have all of the characteristics of life to be consideredliving.
Things that have all of thecharacteristics of life are known asorganisms. All organisms aremade of one or more cells. Eachcell contains the genetic materialDNA that has the informationneeded to control the life processesof the organism.2. What is a species?________________________________________________________________________2Chapter 1One of the first things biologists look for when they are searching for characteristics of life is structure, or organization.Whether an organism is made of a single cell or billions of cells,all of its parts work together in an orderly living system.Another important characteristic of life is reproduction.
Reproduction is the ability of an organism to make more of the sametype of organism. The new organisms that are made are calledoffspring. Although reproduction is not needed for the survival ofan individual organism, it must occur for the continuation of theorganism’s species. A species (SPEE sheez) consists of a groupof organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspringthat are able to reproduce. For example, there are many species ofcrocodiles including the American crocodile, the Australian freshwater crocodile, and the saltwater crocodile.
American crocodilesreproduce only American crocodiles. Without reproduction, thespecies would die out.Another characteristic of life is that growth and developmentmust take place. An organism begins life as a single cell. As timepasses, it grows and develops.
As growth and development takeplace, the organism takes on the characteristics of its species.Growth results in the formation of new structures and an increasein the amount of living material. Development refers to thechanges that occur in each organism’s life.READING ESSENTIALSCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.What are the characteristics of life?NameDateClassSection1.1What is biology?, continuedOne more characteristic of life is the ability to adjust to surroundings, or the environment.
Anything in the environment—air, water, temperature, weather, other organisms—that causes theorganism to react is called a stimulus (plural, stimuli). The organism’s reaction to the stimulus is called a response. An organismalso has the ability to control its internal environment in orderto maintain conditions suitable for survival.
For example, anorganism must make constant adjustments to maintain the rightamount of water and minerals in its cells. This ability is calledhomeostasis (hoh mee oh STAY sus). Without the ability to adjustto internal changes, an organism would die.3. Name three or morethings that make up theenvironment.________________________________________________________________________________________________Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.How do organisms respond to change?Organisms use energy to grow, develop, respond to stimuli,and maintain homeostasis. Energy is the ability to cause change.Organisms get their energy from food.Any behavior, structure, or internal process that allows an organism to make changes in response to environmental factors and livelong enough to reproduce is called an adaptation (a dap TAY shun).For example, the leaves of many desert plants have a thick, waxycoating.
This is an adaptation that helps these plants conservewater. Having large eyes is an adaptation that lets owls see well atnight. The gradual change in a species over time due to adaptations is called evolution (e vuh LEW shun).4. Conclude Some treesdrop their leaves in thefall in response to: (Circleyour choice.)a. higher temperaturesb. lower temperaturesc. more daylight hours◗ After You ReadMini Glossaryadaptation (a dap TAY shun): any structure,behavior, or internal process that enables anorganism to respond to environmental factors and survive to produce offspringbiology: the study of life that seeks to providean understanding of the natural worlddevelopment: the changes that take place duringan organism’s life; one of the characteristicsof all living thingsenergy: the ability to cause changeenvironment: the surroundings to which anorganism must adjust; includes air, water,weather, temperature, organisms, andother factorsREADING ESSENTIALSevolution (e vuh LEW shun): gradual change in aspecies through adaptations over timegrowth: changes in an organism resulting in anincrease in the amount of living materialand the formation of new structures; one ofthe characteristics of all living thingshomeostasis (hoh mee oh STAY sus): an organism’s ability to control its internal environment to maintain conditions suitablefor survivalorganism: anything that possesses all the characteristics of lifeorganization: the orderly structure of cells in anorganism; one of the characteristics of allliving thingsChapter 13NameDateClassSection1.1What is biology?, continuedreproduction: the production of offspring; acharacteristic of all living thingsresponse: an organism’s reaction to a change inits environmentspecies (SPEE sheez): a group of organisms capable of mating with each other and producing offspring who can also reproducestimulus: anything in the environment thatcauses an organism to react1.
Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary above. Then on the lines below,write a sentence for each of the following words: adaptation, evolution, and homeostasis.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Use the web diagram below to help you review what you have read about organisms.
List thefour characteristics biologists use to recognize living things.3. Give two examples of ways in which humans depend on other living things.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Visit the Glencoe Science Web site at science.glencoe.com to findyour biology book and learn more about what biology is.4Chapter 1READING ESSENTIALSCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Characteristicsof Living ThingsNameDateClassSection1.2 The Methods of Biology◗ Before You ReadSC.H.1.4.1 The student knows that investigations are conducted to explore new phenomena, to check on previous results, to test how well a theory predicts, and to compare different theories.
Also covers SC.G.1.4.1, SC.H.1.4.3, SC.H.2.4.1, SC.H.3.4.1, SC.H.1.4.7,SC.H.2.4.2, SC.H.3.4.3, SC.H.3.4.6Find the key terms hypothesis and experiment in the Read to Learn section below. Highlight andread the words and their definitions. Then, think of an experiment you might like to conduct. Onthe lines provided, explain the question you hope to answer with your experiment.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________◗ Read to LearnObserving and HypothesizingCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Even though biologists and other scientists study many different types of things, they all use the same basic steps.
The common steps they use to do research and answer questions are calledscientific methods. Scientists often figure out questions to askand answer just by observing the world around them.What is a hypothesis?Forming a hypothesis (hi PAHTH us sus) is a researchmethod scientists use often. A hypothesis is an explanation for aquestion or problem that can be tested. For example, imagine thatthe number of birds in an area decreased after snakes came intothe area.
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