Book 1 Reading and Speaking (1108795), страница 6
Текст из файла (страница 6)
Hygiene is one of the most important medical achievements of human civilization.2. Pharmaceutical companies and the media are heavily promoting antibacterial products.3. There are a lot of traditional substances effective to maintain hygiene.4. Antibacterial components of modern cleaners stimulate the development of resistant bacteria.5.
Bacteria can develop resistance even to those antibiotics they have never come in contact with.6. More research is needed to demonstrate the negative effects of antibacterial products in the household.7. Antibacterial products can contaminate both households and the environment.8. They can also present potential danger for human health.9. There are some categories of people who really require additional antibacterial protection.Exercise 5. Make 15 two-word expressions connected with medical treatment by combining words from thetwo lists: A and B.
Then match each expression with the appropriate phrase below. The first one has beendone for you as an example.AallergicbalancedbedsidebiologicalbonebrainclinicaldigestivegeneralgeneralheartmalignantplasticprimarysurgicalBanaestheticattackclockdeathdietinterventionmannermarrowpractitionerreactionsurgerysystemtoothtrialtumour1. A condition in which the heart has a reduced blood supply because one of the arteries becomes blocked by ablood clot, causing myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction (heart attack)2. A substance given to make someone lose consciousness so that a major surgical operation can be carried out3.
Soft tissue in cancellous bone.4. The treatment of disease or other condition by surgery.5. Any one of the first twenty teeth which develop in children between about six months and two-and-a-half years ofage, and are replaced by the permanent teeth at around the age of six.166. Surgery to repair damaged or malformed parts of the body.7. A condition in which the nerves in the brain stem have died, and the person can be certified as dead, althoughthe heart may not have stopped beating.8.
The way in which a doctor behaves towards a patient, especially a patient who is in bed.9. An effect produced by a substance to which a person has an allergy, such as sneezing or a skin rash.10. A trial carried out in a medical laboratory on a person or on tissue from a person.11. A tumour which is cancerous and can grow again or spread into other parts of the body, even if removedsurgically.12. A doctor who provides first-line medical care for all types of illness to people who live locally, refers them tohospital if necessary and encourages health promotion.13. The rhythm of daily activities and bodily processes such as eating, defecating or sleeping, frequently controlledby hormones, which repeats every twenty-four hours.14. The set of organs such as the stomach, liver and pancreas which are associated with the digestion of food.15.
A diet that provides all the nutrients needed in the correct proportions.Exercise 6. Fighting Bacteria.Divide into two groups. Each group should read either Text A or Text B about two unusual methods offighting bacteria. Then in pairs discuss your text with the partner.
Try not to miss any details.Text A. Tea Aids Oral HealthBy Sarah GrahamA spot of tea may offer more than just a pleasant way to pass the afternoon. Research findings presentedthis week at the 103rd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology in Washington, D.C. suggests thatit can help fight bad breath and may boost the powers of toothpaste.Christine Wu and Min Zhu of the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry isolated chemicalcomponents of tea leaves known as polyphenols and tested them against three species of bacteria known to causebad breath.
The researchers found that the compounds, specifically catechins and theaflavins, inhibited growth ofthe oral bacteria over a 48-hour incubation period. What is more, lower concentrations of the chemicals interferedwith the enzyme that catalyzes the production of hydrogen sulfide, which has the notorious smell of rotten eggs,and reduced its production by 30 percent. The compounds studied by the scientists are present in both green teaand black tea, although they are more abundant in the latter.In a second study, researchers reported that green tea may provide additional benefits.
Milton Schiffenbauerof Pace University and his colleagues tested tea's ability to fight bacteria that cause infections such as strep throatand dental caries. They found that green tea extracts and polyphenols--particularly those from caffeinatedbeverages--inhibited bacterial growth. Adding these agents to toothpaste and mouthwash, he notes, may makethem more effective at combating microbial agents. (From Scientific American Online, May 21, 2003)Text B. Scientists Explain Why Vegetable Recipes Skimp on SpicesBy Kate WongSeveral years ago, a team of researchers from Cornell University proposed that the spices used in traditionalmeat-based cuisines originally served not as flavor, but to stave off bacteria and fungi.
Now new research isproviding further food for thought: findings reported in the June issue of Evolution and Human Behavior explain whyvegetable-based dishes tend to lack such spiciness.Plants, it turns out, don't require so much protection against microorganisms as meats because they havetheir own natural chemical and physical defenses, which continue to function after cooking. Cornell neurobiologistPaul W.
Sherman and undergraduate Geoffrey Hash thus predicted that if spices first served as antimicrobials,especially in warmer climates, vegetable recipes in the same countries surveyed for the meat research shouldfeature fewer spices. Subsequent investigation bore this out. Analyzing 2,129 traditional vegetable recipes from 36different countries, the team found that spice usage was far lower than that found in meat-based dishes from thesame cultures.
Indeed, of the 41 spices considered, 38 appear more frequently in meat recipes; the three that don'tfit this pattern - sesame, caraway and sweet pepper - offer little protection anyway."Humans have always been in a co-evolutionary race with parasites and pathogens in foods, and ourcookbooks are the written record of that race," Sherman asserts. "We haven't had to 'run' as hard when we atevegetables. We haven't had to use extra pharmaceuticals to make vegetables safe for consumption." (FromScientific American Online, July 11, 2001)Exercise 7. Speak about bacteria and their role on our planet. Summarize all facts which have beendiscussed in this unit.17Unit 5.
Domestic and Domesticated AnimalsA horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!William ShakespeareThe Tragedy of King Richard the ThirdI have known the horse in war and in peace, and thereis no place where a horse is comfortable. The horsehas too many caprices, and he is too much given toinitiative. He invents too many ideas. No, I don’t wantanything to do with a horse.Mark TwainExercise 1. What do you know about domestication of animals?1.
What domestic animals do you know? What wild animals do they come from?2. What was the first domesticated animal? Why?3. What purposes were domesticated animals used for?4. How does the process of domestication take place?Exercise 2. Read the following two texts (Text A and Text B) about domestication of dogs and goats tocheck your answers in Exercise 1.Text A. The Origin of DogsWhere did our best friend originate? Researchers are looking to DNA to dig up answers about where, when andwhy pooches became popularBy Katherine HarmonFrom Chihuahua to Great Danes, all domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) seem to be descended from theEurasian gray wolf (Canis lupis). But what we still don't know is exactly when and where our best friendstransformed from predators into partners.
And such knowledge might help solve the long-disputed question ofexactly why dogs were the first animal to be domesticated.The dog genome was first decoded in 2005—and even before that researchers had been using genetic toolsto track Fido's first home. Early research pointed toward east Asia as the locus of first taming after the discovery ofhigh genetic diversity and other key markers in dog populations from various villages there.
Some investigators,however, have since pointed out that the genetic search sampled more east Asian village dogs, neglecting similarpups roaming other villages around the globe. That's where the Village Dog Genetic Diversity Project at CornellUniversity comes in. Starting with a recent genetic analysis of dogs in African villages, the Cornell group hopesultimately to create a detailed DNA-based map of canine ancestry worldwide, which in turn should provide a newunderstanding of the ancient humans who took them in.One part of that new insight appeared earlier this month in the Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences (PNAS), in a study that calls into question the assumption of dogs' east Asian origin.
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