Т.А. Волошина, Л.Б. Саратовская - English Reader in Computer Science (1098536), страница 11
Текст из файла (страница 11)
Optical switches switch optical wavelengths. Optical switching, while not all-optical, has already become important in networking environments. 100 terabit-per-second data-handling is expected within the decade.
Ex. 1. Answer the questions:
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What natural phenomena are at the basis of quantum computers?
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What are the two principles of quantum mechanics that quantum computers use?
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What makes quantum computers more powerful?
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What is one of the difficulties in developing quantum computers?
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What are the advantages of a light beam over electric current?
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What are the steps in the development of optical computers?
Ex. 2. Translate in writing:
Для понимания законов квантового мира не следует прямо опираться на повседневный опыт. Обычным образом (в житейском понимании) квантовые частицы ведут себя лишь в том случае, если мы постоянно "подглядываем" за ними, или, говоря более строго, постоянно измеряем, в каком состоянии они находятся. Но стоит нам "отвернуться" (прекратить наблюдение), как квантовые частицы тут же переходят из вполне определенного состояния сразу в несколько различных ипостасей. То есть электрон (или любой другой квантовый объект) частично будет находиться в одной точке, частично в другой, частично в третьей и т. д. Это не означает, что он делится на дольки, как апельсин. Тогда можно было бы надежно изолировать какую-нибудь часть электрона и измерить ее заряд или массу. Но опыт показывает, что после измерения электрон всегда оказывается "целым и невредимым" в одной-единственной точке, несмотря на то, что до этого он успел побывать одновременно почти везде. Такое состояние электрона, когда он находится сразу в нескольких точках пространства, называют суперпозицией квантовых состояний и описывают обычно волновой функцией, введенной в 1926 году немецким физиком Э. Шредингером. Модуль значения волновой функции в любой точке, возведенный в квадрат, определяет вероятность найти частицу в этой точке в данный момент. После измерения положения частицы ее волновая функция как бы стягивается (коллапсирует) в ту точку, где частица была обнаружена, а затем опять начинает расплываться. Свойство квантовых частиц быть одновременно во многих состояниях, называемое квантовым параллелизмом, успешно используется в квантовых вычислениях.
Appendix. The Final Tests.
Test 1.
I. Pascal‘s calculator consisted … a set of toothed wheels.
A. out of B. off C. from. D. of
2. Pascal’s machine still had a few…
A. mistakes B. drawbacks C. blunders D. errors
3. This … could only add and subtract.
A. divice B. devise C. device D. device
4. … many models were used, they could not be produced
commercially.
A. Due to B. Because C. However D. Although
5. Charles Babbage was professor … mathematics … Cambridge
University.
A. On/at the B. Of/at C. On/in D. Of/in the
6. Charles Babbage … by mathematical errors.
A. had been annoying B. was annoying C. was annoyed D. had annoyed
7. Those tables could be more … calculated by the machines.
A. approximately B. accurate C. approximate D. accurately
8. Babbage next went to work … an analytical engine.
A. about B. on C. in D. with
9. Babbage did not … his wonderful machine.
A. compel B. complain C. complete D. conduct
10. Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace has been called … programmer.
A. An first B. first C. A first D. the first
11. She figured … that the same punched cards could be reused to
repeat certain instructions.
A. off B. out C. on D. about
12. The electric machine tabulated these cards … the rate of 50 a
minute.
A. in B. on C. at D. with
13. Binary notation turned … a great breakthrough.
A. out to be B. into being C. off be D. being
14. Dr. Atanasoff made an important … the development of
computers.
A. conception into B. conception to C. contribution into
D. contribution to
15. The vacuum tubes functioned … switches.
A. as if B. as C. like D. such as
16. ENIAC … new records … calculating speed.
A. made/in B. set/for C. set/in D. made/for
17. ENIAC had its … .
A. limits however B. frontiers although C. borders however
D. limits although
18. It needed … of electric power.
A. a tiny amount B. a huge number C. an entire number
D. a huge amount
19. Eckert and Manchly were … entrepreneurs … scientists.
A. shrewd/as well as B. shrew/as well like C. shrewd/also like
D. shrew/as well as
20. Kaspersky is a … businessman.
A. obsessive B. restrictive C. successful D. succesfull
21. Computers can be used … other than academic or military
purposes.
A. on B. with C. in D. for
22. … fact, a program change … 40 control panels.
A. In/meant rewiring B. On/meaned rewiring C. In/meant to rewire
D. On/meaned to rewire
23. ENIAC’s calculating speed was … some extent against the time
lost in rewiring.
A. offset in B. compensation in C. offset to D. compensation for
24. John von Neumann found the … this problem: the stored
program.
A. decision to B. solution of C. decision of D. solution to
25. In 1960s magnetic tapes and disks began … for auxiliary
storage.
A. using B. to use C. to be using D. to be used
TEST 2
1. Transistors made… build more powerful computers.
A. possible it to B. it possible to C. possible to D. possible
2. Second-generation computers could process data …
A. more rapid B. rapidlyer C. rapidlier D. more rapidly
3. The design of third generation computers was different … that
of second generation ones.
A. was of B. of C. off D. from
4. Developments in the computer field took …so fast that the
generations can be hard to tell the difference.
A. off B. of C. up D. on
5. People may disagree … what generation we are in.
A. of B. with C. about D. in
6. Mac is … the IBM AT’s programs.
A. incompatible to B. incompatible with C. incompetent to
D. incompetent with
7. Computers vary … size, processing power and cost.
A. in B. on C. for D. with
8. Minicomputers do not generally … an air –conditioned
environment.
A. rely on B. relinquish C. require D. request
9. The processing is carried … on a single microprocessor chip.
A. with B. up C. off D. out
10. The great speed is one of their … features.
A. distinguishing B. distinct C. distillatory D. distingue
11. Some processors, … mainframes, have a front panel.
A. since B. particularly C. nevertheless D. eventually
12. This add-on … data on microfilm.
A. produces B. reproduces C. products D. reproducts
13. The operator’s console allows the person … the computer.
A. interacting with B. to interact with C. interact to
D. interact with
14. Overall control rests, however, … the user.
A. with B. on C. to D. off
15. The batteries are sufficient to keep the computer … stand-by
generators can be started.
A. going/until B. to go/until C. going/untill D. go/untill
16. … power supply unit is essential in all mainframes.
A. Uninterrupted B. Uninterrupting C. Interrupted D. Interrupting
17. 20 years ago the word “algorithm” was unknown … educated
people.
A. with most B. with the most C. to the most D. to most
18. There are some other words that … the concept of the
algorithm.
A. captain B. capsize C. capture D. captivate
19. In programming instructions all vagueness must be … .
A. illustrated B. eliquated C. illuminated D. eliminated
20. A computer program is the statement of an algorithm in some
… language.
A. well refined B. well defined C. well definite D. well finite
TEST 3
1. The algorithm itself is a mental concept that exists … any
representation.
A. independent of B. independently on C. independently from
D. independently off
2. Algorithm is unusual … other thins people do.
A. at comparison with B. in comparison to C. with comparison to
D. in comparison with
3. … enough, algorithm comes …the Latin version of the name.
A. Cumbersomely/from B. Cumbersomely/off C. Curiously/off
D. Curiously/from
4. Hindu positional decimal notation gave birth … algebra … an
independent branch of mathematics.
A. for/like B. to/like C. for/as D. to/as
5. The name of the textbook’s author became associated with
computations ….
A. on general B. generally C. in general D. at general
6. The concept of an algorithm is … the fundamental … not only
in mathematics but in science.
A. nowadays/notion B. nowadays/motion C. nowadays/notion
D. nowadays/motion
7. Experience … computers has shown that the data can …
virtually anything.
A. of/represent B. in/present C. with/represent D. with/present
8. Algorithmic models are more … to solve decision –making
problems.
A. versatile B. suitable C. apparent D. prophetic
9. The … of operations depends … the state of affairs at the time.
A. consequence/on B. sequence/of C. sequence/on
D. consequence/of
10. The decision step … the computer to control actions.
A. enables B. makes C. inables D. enables
11. … summary, Turing … machine.
A. As/supposed B. In/proposed C. At/suggested D. On/presupposed
12. To run a program written … this language we should … the
input.
A. in/provide B. on/supply C. at/perform D. with/handle
13. The problem is … allowing expended memory.
A. circumscribed/with B. circumcised/with C. circumfused/by
D. circumvented/by
14. The computer … the STOP instruction.
A. achieved B. reached C. faced D. encountered
15. The rules … constructing the sentence are complicated, yet we apply them …intuition.
A. enables B. makes C. inables D. enables
16. We use telephone … to find the needed phone number.
A. directions B. directives C. directors D. directories
17. Two indices correspond … row and column in a matrix.
A. on B. about C. to D. with
18. An array stays the same size, … it has been created.
A. once B. at once C. furthermore D. although
19. The structures introduced in the …of this chapter are dynamic
data structures.
A. reminder B. remainder C. remains D. remain
TEST 4.
1. A stack is a collection of data items which may only be accessed
… one end.
A. on B. at C. with D. in
2. Adding a new item … placing it … top of the stack.
A. involves/on B. revolves/at C. involves/at D. revolves/on
3. … knows how a queue works: newcomers join …the rear.
A. Anyone/at B. Everyone/at C. Someone/in D. Everyone/on
4. … this respect, a list is less restrictive then a stack or queue.
A. at B. with C. on D. in
5. A tree may be traversed … ways.
A. with few B. by some C. in several D. at any
6. Some computers regard their entire memory as if it … into a
tree structure.
A. is parted B. is partitioned C. were partitioned D. had been parted
7. This is the property of tree which makes them so useful … a
computing point of view.
A. on B. in C. at D. from
8. A data item may be an integer, an array, or a list, to … just
…examples.
A. name/a few B. tell/few C. say/a few D. put/a few
9. Internet, a global computer network … millions of users all …
the word.
A. encompasses/over B. embraces/in C. embraces/over
D. encompasses/in
10. Internet provides businessmen … a reliable … to the expensive
telecommunications systems.
A. for/variety B. with/alternative C. with/choice D. for/option
11. The user of Internet pays a … .
A. per month a royalty B. per monthly tax C. monthly fee
D. month rent
12. Some … problems still … .
A. security/leave B. safety/survive C. security/remain
D. safety/stay
13. It is possible to get into … of computers along the route and …
the data.
A. any/intervene B. some/intervene C. some/intercept
D. any/intercept
14. … the fact that there are many strong … programs available
they are not used.
A. In spite of/encoding B. Despite of/encoding
C. Inspite of/decoding D. In spite/encoding
15. Word processors have improved by leads and bounds since their … about ten years ago.
A. advent B. advance C. adventure D. advice
16. Intelligent user interfaces … fifth generation computers usable
by more people than … present.
A. aim make/on B. aim to make/at C. aimed at make/at the
D. aim making/in
17. These changes are … to come.
A. ambiguously B. unlike C. unlikely D. explicit
TEST 5.
1. A few days ago I saw an interesting program … television.
A. in B. on C. at D. on the
2. It is often faster to walk than to go … bus.
A. in B. on C. by D. on the
3. The problem has been getting worse … a long time.
A. during B. for C. since D. at
4. I wanted to … for being late.
A. apologize B. excuse C. sorry D. pardon
5. Someone … a mistake.
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