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Figure 3. Comparative analysis of total costs aroused at creation and operation

of different reusable space transport system

As illustration approved by the British Aerospace company shows, flight costs of aerospace systems with reusable orbital plane and the MRIYA carrier-plane is considerably lower in comparison with other considered prospect projects.

Such calculations fulfilled in accordance with the same methodology, with identical initial data and equal restrictions give fully depiction of operation effectiveness of the MAKS system as a profitable launch facility.

Development Sequence of the Reusable Aerospace Systems

The financial situation of MAKS designer’s cooperation owing to “perestroyka” and industry conversion in Russia doesn’t allow operational developing of system components. That’s why just as in European for the ARIAN-5/GERMES project, in Britain for the HOTOL project, in Germany for the ZINGER project in so in Russia a trends appeared leading to co-operative development of demonstrator of space technologies with European Space Agency. In this connection Russia, NPO MOLNIYA in particular, is working out possibility and advisability of realization of relatively cheap demonstrator project based on the carrier-plane and the MAKS orbital plane.

In 1995 NPO MOLNIYA performed such project in the network of technical suggestions for Russian Committee of the Defense Industry. This project showed that it was possible to create the MAKS-D demonstrator approximately for 4 years and that its cost would be approximately 20% of cost of R&D works of the MAKS system. On the basis of MAKS-D flight experiments, the MAKS system can be developed later on and then the MAKS-M completely reusable aerospace system.

Such sequence of the reusable aerospace system development allows considerably reducing annual expenditures on R&D works and technical risk of development, gradually increasing freight flow served by MAKS. The domestic and foreign consumers would be attracted by experimental adjustment of MAKS, safety and reliability if saying in particular. At that, thanks to flight immediacy and cost reduction a queue on injection would be decreased, intensity of flight would be increased and freight flow would be enlarged gradually. The commercial launch profit can be directed, at great extent, into improvements of elements of the aerospace systems, for example, into improvements of elements of reusable launch units.

Figure 4. Realization sequence for MAKS project

Described development process of the MAKS system is shown on figure 4 presenting sequence of the development and operation .

The researches fulfilled in NPO MOLNIYA resulted in one more important conclusion: efficiency of the reusable launch system is increased at using a small portion of expandable elements. The first example – comparison of the MAKS-OS unmanned version and the MAKS-M completely reusable version. Expandable external fuel tank increases payload mass at low-earth orbit almost in two times and as a result reduces injection cost per 1 kg. If orbit altitude increases MAKS-OS advantages strengthens. The second example – the MAKS-D demonstrator transport version, including expandable space tow, provides injection prime cost not more than $1,500 per kg.

The results of technical and economic analysis show that horizontal-launched two-stage aerospace systems with subsonic carrier-plane have several advantages in comparison with single-stage vertical-started launcher: development cost, operating orbit range and injection prime cost. The MAKS system can be created within short period on the basis of existing technologies.

References

1. N.M. Tchumakov, E.I. Srebryaniy. Efficiency estimation for complicated technical devices.  Moscow: Sov. Radio, 1980 .

2. V.D. Ilichev, V.D. Volkov, V.A. Grushansky. The efficiency of developed elements for complicated systems.  Moscow: Vyshaya shkola, 1982.

3. L,V. Novikova. Methodical principles of estimation of launch aerospace system injection // The work collections of the 1^st International Aerospace Conference.  Moscow: RIA, 1994.

4. V.I. Fishelovich, A.V. Alinicheva. The methodic of preliminary estimation of creation cost and maintenance charges for prospect aerospace transport commercial systems // The work collections of the 1^st International Aerospace Conference.  Moscow: RIA, 1994.

5. G.P. Yuryev, A.G. Podoroshy. The determination of probability of MKTS element losses during application and exploiting // The work collections of the 1^st International Aerospace Conference.  Moscow: RIA, 1994.

6. Yu.M.Kosinsky. About general problems of MAKS creation in the nearest future // The work collections of the 1^st International Aerospace Conference.  Moscow: RIA, 1994.

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