Услуга: An automated production lines

ВАРИАНТ 1

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст устно.

An automated production lines

An automated production line consists of a series of workstations connected by a transfer system to move parts between the stations. This is an example of fixed automation, since these lines are set up for long production runs making large number of product units and running for several years between changeovers.

Each station is designed to perform a specific processing operation, so that the part or product is constructed stepwise as it progresses along the line. A raw work part enters at one end of the line, proceeds through each workstation and appears at the other end as a completed product. In the normal operation of the line, there is a work part being processed at each station, so that many parts are being processed simultaneously and a finished part is produced with each cycle of the line. Various operations, part transfers, and other activities taking place on an automated transfer line must all be sequenced and coordinated properly for the line to operate efficiently.

Modern automated lines are controlled by programmable logic controllers, which are special computers that can perform timing and sequencing functions required to operate such equipment. Automated production lines are utilized in many industries, mostly automobile, where they are used for processes such as machining and pressworking.

Machining is a manufacturing process in which metal is removed by a cutting or shaping tool, so that the remaining work part is of the desired shape. Machinery and motor components are usually made by this process. In many cases, multiple operations are required to completely shape the part. If the part is mass-produced, an automated transfer line is often the most economical method of production. Many separate operations are divided among the workstations.

Pressworking operations involve the cutting and forming of parts from sheets of metal. Examples of such parts include automobile body panels, outer shells of laundry machines and metal furniture. More than one processing step is often required to complete a complicated part. Several presses are connected together in sequence by handling mechanisms that transfer the partially completed parts from one press to the next, thus creating an automated pressworking line.

1. Ответьте на вопросы.
2. What does an automated production line consist of?
3. What is required for the line to operate efficiently?
4. What is a programmable logic controller?
5. What is usually made by machining?
6. Why is an automated transfer line the most economical method of production?
7. How many processing steps are often required to complete a part?

1. Дайте русские эквиваленты к следующим английским словосочетаниям из текста.

1. to be designed
2. to be constructed stepwise
3. to be sequenced properly
4. to operate efficiently
5. a manufacturing process

1. a shaping tool
2. multiple operations
3. a mass-produced part
4. to connect together in sequence
5. to transfer the partially completed parts

1. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты к следующим словосочетаниям.

1. автоматизированная поточная линия
2. система передач
3. длительная эксплуатация
4. необработанная рабочая деталь
5. готовая продукция
6. каждый цикл конвейера
7. программируемые логические контроллеры
8. выполнять расчет времени
9. требуются многократные операции
10. экономичный метод производства
11. управляющие механизмы
12. автоматизированная линия штамповки

1. Выпишите из текста 6 предложений в страдательном залоге. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Составьте к тексту 4 вопроса (общий, альтернативный, специальный, разделительный).

1. Выпишите из текста 7 примеров каждой из основных частей речи (Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs) в начальной форме слова и формы ParticipleIи ParticipleII.

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст устно.

Appropriate technology

Appropriate technology is technology which finds inexpensive solutions to the needs of developing countries. It is especially useful in poor areas a long way from towns and cities. In these areas, it uses local materials and local skills. One example of appropriate technology is the wind pump. It is simple to construct and maintain, and does not need fuel. It contains a simple mechanism, a crankshaft. The crankshaft converts the rotary movement of the blades into an up-and-down movement – this moves the pump’s piston up and down.

The clockwork radio is another example. It consists of a clockwork motor which drives a small generator. The step-up gears increase the speed of the motor, and the generator produces enough electricity for the radio. The clockwork computer uses the same form of power.

Unlike a clockwork generator, most portable generators have an engine to drive them. These generators are used in emergencies or in places without electricity. They generate electricity for lighting, for example. Portable generators often use two-stroke engines. They can also use four-stroke engines, like car engines.

In a four-stroke petrol engine there is a cycle which is completed in four strokes (or movements) of the piston. On the first stroke, fuel and air are sucked into the cylinder. The second stroke is called the compression stroke: the piston moves up and compresses the air and fuel in the cylinder. The compressed fuel is ignited by the spark plug. On the third stroke, the gas from the burning fuel expands and pushes the piston down the cylinder. That is called the combustion stroke or power stroke. On the fourth stroke, the exhaust stroke, the rising piston pushes the exhaust gas out of the engine.

In the two-stroke cycle, power/combustion and exhaust are combined in one stroke, compression and ignition in the other stroke. This simplifies construction and reduces the cost of two-stroke engines. However, they are noisy and produce more pollution than four-stroke engines.

1. Ответьте на вопросы.
2. What is appropriate technology?
3. Where can appropriate technology be used?
4. How does the wind pump work?
5. Where are the portable generators used?
6. What type of engine (two-stroke or four-stroke) is more efficient? Why?
7. Why are two-stroke engines not very expensive?

1. Дайте русские эквиваленты к следующим английским словосочетаниям из текста.

1. the needs of developing countries
2. a long way from cities
3. to convert the rotary movement
4. a clockwork motor
5. to produce enough electricity
6. used in emergencies
7. compression stroke
8. to simplify construction
9. to reduce the cost
10. to produce more pollution

1. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты к следующим словосочетаниям.

1. использовать местные материалы
2. насос с ветряным двигателем
3. содержать / обслуживать
4. топливо
5. коленчатый вал
6. приводить в действие генератор
7. увеличивать скорость
8. та же самая форма энергии
9. вырабатывать электроэнергию
10. четырехтактный двигатель
11. движения поршня
12. выхлопной газ

1. Выпишите из текста 6 предложений в страдательном залоге. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Составьте к тексту 4 вопроса (общий, альтернативный, специальный, разделительный).

1. Выпишите из текста 7 примеров каждой из основных частей речи (Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives) в начальной форме слова и формы ParticipleI(3) и ParticipleII.