the ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of india - ccras ( pdfdrive ), страница 4

Many new pharmaceutical preparations like Malahara,Sukta, Phala Varti etc were defined with explanations. The concept of PhalaVarti, though available in Caraka Sa¼hitā, its use was extended to urethral andvaginal disorders by Ā²hamalla.7. Later, Yoga Ratnākara introduced a few innovative drug delivery systems andpharmaceutical preparations like Sūcikabharana Rasa, which were to beadministered in micro quantities into the blood through scratch made by the tip ofa needle. A detailed description of Satva, extraction with reference to Gu²ūcīSatva was explained, which is a reductionist approach to dosage forms.8.

During 18th A.D., Bhaisajya Ratnāvalī, listed a few more pharmaceuticalpreparations like Mūrchita Taila. Such concepts can also be observed in thecommentaries on Śār¬gādhara Sa¼hitā, but the purpose of both the Mūrchanaprocesses is different. Commentators on Śār¬gādhara Sa¼hitā advised theprocess of Mūrchana for removing excess water content and other unwantedresidues if any from the formulated oil, while in Bhai¾ajya Ratnāvalī the processwas advised to be followed in the expressed oil prior to use in the formulation.9.

The numbers of compound formulations are very huge, even more than 75,000,and of varied nature, using plant, mineral and animal sources. Another importantcharacteristic feature of Ayurvedic compound formulations is that of theiravailability in different dosage forms such as cūr´a, gu°ī, va°ī, taila, gh¨ta,kvātha, āsava, avaleha, bhasma, parpa°ī, po°°alī, malahara, lepa, pānaka etc.10. In recent times, even encapsulating an Ayurvedic drug in capsules is prevalent, inharmony with advancement of science and technology.

Though this seems to benew to Ayurvedic sciences, the concept of encapsulating has been in traditionsince centuries. For example, metallic preparations were embedded in Jaggery orbanana, and such other palatable materials.11. Ayurvedic Compound Formulations are complex in nature. The pharmaceuticalprocesses involve any one or more of the following steps:1. AnsuobhedanaFine cutting2.

Apakar¾a´aElimination3. AbhiśavanaFermentation4. Avaśi®canaSprinkling5. ¡dityapākaSun-cooking6. Ālo²anaMixing a liquid7. UpakodanaBaking of Cakrikas8. KledanaMoistening9. K¾odana/CūrnanaPulverization10. Kha´²asaª chedanaCutting into pieces11. JarjarikarnaDisintegration12. TāpanaHeating13. DahanaBurning14. DhūpanaFumigation15. Nirvāpa´aDipping in liquid16. NiśkulīkaranaElimination of seeds17. Niśkvatha´aBoiling18.

NiśpavanaWinnowing19. Paripavana/GālanaFiltration20. ParipānaSoaking21. Parisrāva´aDecantation22. Pī²anaCompression23. Pe¾a´aGrinding24. Pu°apākaHeating in a closed vessel25. PraksālanaWashing26. PratīvāpanaAddition27. BharjanaRoasting28. BhāvānāImpregnation29. ManthanaChurning30. RasagrahanaExtraction31. VipācanaCooking32. ŚodhanaPurification33. Śo¾a´aDesiccation34. Ātapaśo¾a´aSun-drying35. Chāyāso¾a´aDrying in shade36. SadhanaPreparation and37. ŚvedanaSteaming etc.12.

Any one or more of the above said processes will be integral part of Ayurvedicdrug manufacturing. It is a challenging exercise to define and standardize theabove processes, and establish quality parameters for different ingredients beforeand during the manufacturing process as well as for the final product.13. At present in the industry, very few generalized quality parameters are adopted.Some pharmaceutical firms may be having theirin-house standard method ofoperations, and quality parameters for finished compound formulations.

But thereis no uniformity in the operating procedures i.e. in the method of preparations.This is sometimes responsible for one and the same formulation by name havingdifferent qualities in the finished products, and not having reproducibility. Aneffort has been made now to optimize the method of preparation, so that suchdifferences between manufacturer’s products in the market are not beyondreasonable limits.14. It was again during the last 100 years of colonial rule, that economic conditions inIndia changed, a process of urbanization began and it was during this period thatthe Ayurvedic physicians took to cities and lost their contact with forests and drugsources. It was during this period that as a consequence of better transportfacilities, the crude drug supplying agencies came up and commercial manufactureof Ayurvedic Medicines on mass scale in factories started.

These were theinevitable consequences of the socio-economic changes in the country. The neweconomic set up was such that the Ayurvedic practitioner could no longer processand prepare his own medicines but had to depend on commercial sources forsupply of crude drugs to whatever extent he needed them. There was, in a way, aforced division of professional responsibilities where the vaidya had no choice butto purchase his drugs. Nor had he any means to ascertain the authenticity of themedicines and formulations supplied to him.

There was no Governmental controlon manufacturers to ensure the quality of the marketed medicines prescribed byvaidyas and administered to their patients.15. The conditions prevailing in India prior to Independence were quite discouragingfor indigenous medicines to make any progress. But, during thepost-independence era, many scientists took active interest in preserving thelegacy of Ayurveda and other indigenous systems.16.

As an outcome of the first Health Minister’s Conference of 1946, a Committeeunder the Chairmanship of Lt. Col. R. N. Chopra was appointed in 1946 by theGovernment of India. It was the Chopra Committee that had first gone into thequestion of need for proper identification of Ayurvedic medicinal plants asavailable in the bazaar, control over collection and distribution of crude drugs andmade positive recommendations for compilation of an Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia.Thereafter, the Dave’ Committee [1955] reiterated the recommendations forcompilation of an Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia.17.

The Government of Bombay, was especially interested in the survey of resourcesof Ayurvedic Drugs, their collection, cultivation, farming, distribution andstandardization. They, therefore had appointed a Committee for Standard andGenuine Ayurvedic Herbs and Drugs in 1955 and subsequently after receiving itsreport, appointed a second committee with fresh set of terms of reference, calledthe Committee for Standard Ayurvedic Herbs and Drugs in 1957 both under theChairmanship of Vaidya Bapalal Shah, of which Professor A.

N. Namjoshi wasthe Member Secretary. The Bapalal Committee had very elaboratelyrecommended the compilation of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia as an urgentprerequisite for effective control of Ayurvedic Drugs to ensure quality assurance.Finally Government of India appointed the “Ayurvedic Research EvaluationCommittee”, under the Chairmanship of Dr. K. N. Udupa (1958) which hadstrongly highlighted the urgency of the compilation of an AyurvedicPharmacopoeia.18. In compliance with some of these recommendations, the Union Government asalso some of the State Governments had started taking positive steps.

TheGovernment of Bombay State established its Board of Research in Ayurveda,Bombay in 1951, which was subsequently reconstituted in 1955 and 1958. TheGovernment of India established CCRIMH in 1969 for research in all aspectsincluding drug standardization in Indian Medicine & Homeopathy. This Councilwas divided into 4 research councils in 1978 and the research work in Ayurveda &Siddha was entrusted to the Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha.The PLIM at Ghaziabad was established in 1970 for testing and standardization ofsingle drugs and compound formulations. Under the auspices of the CentralCouncil for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, several survey units in differentStates were established and work of standardization of single drugs andcompound medicines as also composite research work was initiated.

The firstAyurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee was constituted in 1962 under theChairmanship of Col. Sir Ram Nath Chopra. The Committee was reconstituted in1972 under the Chairmanship of Prof. A.N.Namjoshi to continue the work ofcompilation of the Ayurvedic Formulary of India as a pre-requisite forundertaking the work of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.

The first part of theAyurvedic Formulary was published in 1978 and the second part in 2000. Arevised edition of the first part also brought out in 2003.19. After publication of the First and the Second part of the Ayurvedic Formulary ofIndia Part-III of the Formulary is under preparation.20. The First and Second Part of the Ayurvedic Formulary of India comprising ofsome 444 and 191 formulations respectively cover more than 351 single drugs ofplant origin.

This covers about 500 priority drugs of plant origin for whichmonographs have been evolved and included in several volumes of AyurvedicPharmacopoeia of India.21. As a fallout of the growing interest in the renaissance of Ayurveda and thesystematic efforts to investigate into the merits of this ancient science during thepost-independence period, it is of significance that the western or modern systemof medicine, with its formidable armoury of synthetic drugs, chemo-therapeuticagents and antibiotics, has slowly come to terms with the adverse side effects andtoxicity of synthetic drugs. The western world has now turned its attention totraditional medicines based on drugs of natural origin. An appreciation of thebasic tenets of Ayurvedic therapeutics, which initially appeared to be ratherabstract and difficult to interpret in terms of modern medical sciences, has nowemerged, resulting in new branches of pharmacology such as pharmacogenomics.22.