the ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of india - ccras ( pdfdrive ) (830801), страница 3
Текст из файла (страница 3)
Aconversion table is appended giving classical weights with their metricequivalents.(Appendix 7) Doses mentioned in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India(API) are intended merely for general guidance and represent, unless otherwise stated, theaverage range of quantities per dose which is generally regarded suitable by clinicians foradults only when administered orally. They are not to be regarded as binding upon theprescribers.The medical practitioner will exercise his own judgment and act on his ownresponsibility in respect of the amount of the formulation he may prescribe or administeror on the frequency of its administration.
If it is usual to administer a medicine by amethod other than by mouth, the single dose suitable for that method of administration ismentioned.Storage: Statement under the heading ‘Storage’ constitutes non-mandatory advice. Thesubstances and preparations of the Pharmacopoeia are to be stored under conditions thatprevent contamination and, as far as possible, deterioration. Precautions that should betaken in relation to the effects of the atmosphere, moisture, heat and light are indicated,where appropriate, in the individual monographs.Specific directions are given in some monographs with respect to the temperaturesat which Pharmacopoeial articles should be stored, where it is considered that storage at alower or higher temperature may produce undesirable results.
The conditions are definedby the following terms.Cold- Any temperature not exceeding 80 and usually between 20 and 80. A refrigerator iscold place in which the temperature is maintained thermostatically between 20 and 80.Cool- Any temperature between 80 and 250. An article for which storage in a cool placeis directed may, alternately, be stored in a refrigerator, unless otherwise specified in theindividual monograph.Room temperature-The temperature prevailing in a working area.Warm- Any temperature between 300 and 400.Excessive heat- Any temperature above 400.Protection from freezing- Where, in addition to the risk of breaking of the container,freezing results in loss of strength or potency or in destructive alteration of thecharacteristics of an article the label on the container bears an appropriate instruction toprotect from freezing.Storage under non-specific conditions- Where no specific storage directions orlimitations are given in the individual monograph, it is to be understood that the storageconditions include protection from moisture, freezing and excessive heat.Containers: The container is the device that holds the article.
The immediate containeris that which is in direct contact with the article at all times. The closure is a part of thecontainer.The container is designed so that the contents may be taken out for the indented purposein a convenient manner. It provides the required degree of protection to the contents fromthe environmental hazards.The container should not interact physically or chemically with the article placed in it soas to alter the strength, quality or purity of the article beyond the official requirements.Prior to its being filled, the container should be clean. Special precautions and cleaningprocedures may be necessary to ensure that each container is clean and that extraneousmatter is not introduced into or onto the article.Light-resistant Container- A light resistant container protects the contents from theeffects of actinic light by virtue of the specific properties of the material of which it ismade.
Alternatively, a clear and colourless or a translucent container may be madelight-resistant by means of an opaque (light-resistant) covering and/or stored in a darkplace: in such cases, the label on the container should bear a statement that the opaquecovering or storage in dark place is needed until the contents have been used up.Well-closed Container- A well-closed container protects the contents from extraneoussolids and liquids and from loss of the article under normal conditions of handling,shipment, storage and distribution.Tightly-closed Container- A tightly-closed container protects the contents formcontamination by extraneous liquids solids or vapours, from loss or deterioration of thearticle from effervescence, deliquescence or evaporation under normal conditions ofhandling, shipment, storage and distribution.Single Unit Container- A single unit container is one that is designed to hold a quantity ofthe drug product intended for administration as a single finished device intended for usepromptly after the container is opened.
The immediate container and/or outer containeror protective packaging is so designed as to show evidence of any tampering with thecontents.Multiple Unit Container- A multiple unit container is container that permits withdrawalsof successive portions of the contents without changing the strength, quality or purity ofthe remaining portion.Tamper-evident Container- A tamper-evident container is fitted with a device ormechanism that reveals irreversibly whether the container has been opened.Labelling: In general, the labeling of drugs and pharmaceuticals is governed by theDrugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and Rules there under.ABBREVIATIONS FOR TECHNICAL TERMSgram(s)--gmilligram(s)--mgkilogram(s)--kgmilliliter(s)--mllitre(s)--lhour(s)--hminute(s)--second(s)--sec0C--0Micron--µortho--ometa--mpara--pparts per million--ppmparts per billion--ppbvolume--volweight--wtweight in weight--w/wweight in volume--w/vvolume in volume--v/vquantity sufficient--Q.S.minABBREVIATIONS FOR PARTS OF PLANTSAerial root--A.
Rt.Androecium--Adr.Aril--Ar.Bulb--Bl.Exudate--Exd.Flower--Fl.Fruit--Fr.Fruit rind--Fr. R.Heart wood--Ht. Wd.Inflorescence--Ifl.Kernel--Kr.Leaf--Lf.Leaf rachis--Lf. R.Latex--Lx.Pericarp--PPlant (whole)--Pl.Rhizome--Rz.Root--Rt.Root bark--Rt. Bk.Root tuber--Rt. Tr.Seed--Sd.Stamens--Stmn.Stem--St.Stem bark--St. Bk.Stem tuber--St. Tr.Style & stigma--Stl./Stg.Ripe fruit Pulp--Rp. Fr. Pp.Subterranean root tuber--Sub. Rt.
Tub.Subterranean root--Sub. Rt.PREFACE1. Ayurveda is the most ancient science of life having a holistic health approach. Thepreparation of medicines i.e. pharmacy is an integral part of this science, andevolved from a very rudimentary form. In ancient times, the preparation ofmedicine was part of the practising physician’s functions. The preparation ofmedicine was limited, selective and at personal level only. Hence themethodology of preparation and quality parameters more or less differed fromVaidya to Vaidya.
In vedic times the practice of medicine was a personal missionwithout any monetary motive, and exclusively for the recovery of ailing people.Later on, this attitude changed and the profession was followed with a profitmotive. The manufacture of Ayurvedic medicines also began on a larger scale.Since the last 40 years Ayurvedic practice has assumed business proportions andthe manufacture of Ayurvedic drugs are on a commercial scale.2. Ayurvedic science is dynamic and progressive. It gives importance to therapeuticstrategy. The four pillars of treatment are said to be the Physician, the Medicine,the Auxiliary Staff and the Patient. In the classics, it is clearly explained that anideal medicine should have multiple actions, should be available in differentdosage forms, should possess all the required attributes suited to a patient to ridhim of the disease and be devoid of any adverse effects.3. In ancient texts the quality parameters for raw drugs and finished productsincluding compound formulations are well described and moreover this is inpractices.
It is mentioned how to collect the plant material, auspicious day andspecific time with offering prayer to the plant that the material to be procured willbe used for the welfare of the humanity.Procurement of plant material in a particular time has a strong scientific base, likefor collection of latex, it is advised to collect latex before sunrise to get goodquality and quantity of material. Similarly after procurement of the material, useof plant material after a specific period of storage is described. For exampleVidanga (Embilia ribes, seeds) are advise are to be used after one year of itsprocurement as the percentage of embelin (active phyto-constituents ) will bestable and quantity will be more compared to freshly procured sample. Thisreflects the quality assurance parameters.4.
The Ayurvedic pharmaceutical preparations were evolved gradually from asimpler form to more complex forms based on plants and plant–mineralcombinations. During early period, particularly in Charakacharya’s time, thepharmaceutical preparations were primarily in five simple forms, which werecollectively termed as “Pa®cavidha Ka¾āya Kalpanās”. Apart from this, a numberof other dosage forms were described in Caraka Samhitā such as Āsava, Ārista,Cūr´a, Avaleha, K¾īrapāka, Va°aka, Varti, Taila, Gh¨ta, Lepa, Mantha, Ayask¨itietc. for various purposes.5. During the period of Susruta also, a few new pharmaceutical preparations and aidswere introduced, as for example K¾āra, K¾ārodaka, K¾ārasutra, Masi, Vikesikaetc.
In A¾°a¬ga Sa¬graha and H¨daya more or less similar pharmaceuticalpreparations were mentioned as described in the earlier texts like Caraka andSusruta Sa¼hitā. During the time of 11th AD, Cakradatta, added a few morepreparations like Kha´²a, Parpa°ī etc. The significant contribution of Cakradattais an elaborate description of K¾ārasūtra.6. Śar¬gadhara Sa¼hitā, which was written during 14th AD, gave new dimensionsto Ayurvedic pharmacy. This book is considered as an authoritative text forAyurvedic pharmacy.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
