Moss - What genes cant do - 2003, страница 55

See also Genes,genesis of; Hereditary code-scriptHeritable variation along acontinuum, 25–26, 27Hershey, Alfred, 54Hertwig, Oscar, 31Heterozygosity loss, 145His, Wilhelm, 31Histology, 121HNPCC (hereditary nonpolyposiscolorectal cancer), 176, 178Hooke, Robert, 124Huebner, R. J., 134–35, 136–37,140–41Human genome (Gene-D). See alsoDNAexons of, 185–87, 196vs. invertebrate, 184, 185, 186,187–88and the NCAM, 186–87, 187 (fig.)and RNA splicing, 187, 188, 196transcriptional effector genes of,188Human Genome Project, xiii, 3, 48,72, 108, 183, 184.

See also HumangenomeHuman proteosome, 187–88Humboldt, Alexander von, 123Humoral theory of cancer, 118–19Hunter, T., 201n.3Huntington’s disease, 112, 193–94,203n.7Huxley, Julian, 36, 117224IndexIdioplasm, 31–33, 34Imprinting, xix, 112–13Inductive interactions, 127Information/code, genes as, xvii, 2–3,44–50. See also Geneticinformation; Hereditary code-scriptInstrumental reductionism, 37,39–40, 42–43, 50Isomers, 59Jablonka, E., xviii, 76, 107, 111Johannsen, Wilhelm, 31, 41on cytoplasmic Anlagen, 41–42on dominant vs. recessive genes, 40“gene” terminology introduced by,xvi, 28on genetic decomposability, 38–40on genotypes, 1on genotype vs. phenotype, 1,28–30, 40, 42–44, 48and Mendel, 25, 40–41Morgan as influenced by, 37–38Jollos, Victor, 41–42Journal of Morphology, 22Kaneko, K., 99Kant, Immanuel, xvion Blumenbach, 11on circular causality, 9–10influence of, 125on Keime und Anlagen, 12, 28,200n.7on reflective judgment, 9–10teleology of, 4, 9–10on transmutation of species, 11–12Kauffman, Stuart, 61on aperiodic crystals, 99–100on autocatalytic cycles, 99–100on genetic inputs, 104–7on order from order, 75on Schrödinger, 75, 98on steady-state dynamics, xviii–xix,99–104, 106–7Kay, Lily, xvii, 64, 201n.2Keime und Anlagen, xviand cancer, 155–56the cell as repository of, 126on embranchment of animals, 122and embryological development,120–21and the genesis of genes, 11–15, 17,20, 24–25, 28, 199–200n.7within the ovum, xixKeller, Evelyn Fox, 203n.2Kendrew, John, 54Kielmyer, Carl Friedrich, 120–21Kinases, 108, 139, 201n.3Kinzler, Kenneth W., 174–80Kirschner, M., 197Knudson, A.

J., 144Kölliker, Rudolph Albert von, 31Kuhn, Thomas, 23Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 200n.8,202n.1Lamb, M. J., xviii, 76, 107, 111Lawful precision, 56Lebenskraft, 125Lenoir, T., xv–xvi, 17, 199n.6Lillie, Frank, 34–35, 43Liver cancer, 167–68, 170Loeb, Jacques, 34, 37Lung cancer, 145Luria, Salvador Edward, 54Mammalian ovulation, 17–18, 123Mantle, Mickey, 170, 202n.7Margulis, Lynn, 192, 203n.6Matthaei, Heinrich, 67Mayr, Ernst, 1, 203n.9MBL (Marine Biological Laboratory;Woods Hole, Mass.), 21–22Medicine, history of, 118–19Membranes. SeeCompartmentalization of cells,membrane-basedMendel, Gregor, 4, 29, 130on the chunk-of-anlagen, xvion dominance/recessivity ofunit-characters, 25exemplar of, 23–25influence of, 25, 26–28Indexon intraspecific hybrids, 23–24and Johannsen, 25, 40–41preformationism of, 24–25,26–28rediscovery of, xv, 23, 26, 184Merogony experiments, 33–34Metazoan ontogeny, 96–98MI (microsatellite instability),178–79Microscopes, 125Mintz, B., 165–66MMR (mismatch repair genes), 178Modularity and complexity, 185–90,187 (fig.), 197, 203n.4Molecular Weismannism, 110Mondal, S., 164–65Morgan, T.

H., 25conversion of, 30–31, 35–36on cytoplasmic Anlagen, 32–33, 34,35–36, 42Drosophila chromosome research of(Fly Room), 34–35, 37–38instrumental reductionism of, 37Johannsen’s influence on, 37–38and Wilson, 37Morphology, 121Mosaic hypothesis, 31–33, 34Muller, H. J., 130, 131Müller, Johannes, 16–17, 18, 120,123–24, 125–26, 142Müllerian duct, 17Mustard gas, 131Mutation, 59. See also Somaticmutation hypothesiswithin catalytic cycles, 100and the genesis of genes, 26–27,200n.12Myc, 154Mycotoxins, 167Myriad Genetics, 182Nägeli, Karl Wilhelm von, 31Natural selection.

See Darwinism;EvolutionNature, final causes in, 7–8Naturphilosophen, 121, 123225NCAM (neural cell adhesionmolecule), 46, 48, 154, 186–87,187 (fig.)Neoplastic viruses, 132–33Neural cell adhesion molecule. SeeNCAMNevi (birthmarks), 128Newton, Sir Isaac, 8Newts, regeneration in, 162–63Nicolson, G., 87Nigg, E. A., 94Nirenberg, Marshall, 67Nucleic acids, 192–93. See also DNANucleus/chromosomes, 19–21, 30–31,33Nutritive soul, 7Olby, Robert, 55, 62Oligosaccharides, 1–2, 85–86Oncogene model of cancer, 133–42,145–52, 156, 157–58.

See alsoActivated proto-oncogenesOncology. See CancerOntogeny, 4, 6, 13–15, 14 (fig.)Ontology, 3Ontotheology, 194–195. See alsoDawkins, R.Order from disorder, 56, 63Order from order, 56, 60–61, 75, 91,114–15Order-words, 68Organ differentiation, 122–23Organizational structure, 76, 77. Seealso Compartmentalization of cells,membrane-basedOrgel, Leslie, 67Origins of life, 191–94, 203n.5Ovid, 199n.6Oyama, S., 115–16, 203n.8Paget, Sir James, 119Pancreatic cancer, 167Pander, Christian Heinrich, 121, 123Pangenes, 27Park, C., 173Paramecium, 96226IndexParasitism (symbiotic model),191–94, 203n.6Pathology as process.

See CancerPattee, Howard, 73Pauling, Linus, 54, 65Pearson, Karl, 25Penetrance, 112Peyrilhe, Bernard, 119P53 gene, 154–55Phage, 54–55Phage Group (Delbrück, Luria, andHershey), 54Phenotype. See Genotype vs.phenotypePhlegm, 118Phophatases, 108Phospholipid membranes, 79, 87Phosphorylation of proteins, 108–9Phylogenetic turn, 184definition of, xviand the genesis of genes, 4–6oncology after, 128–33Phylogenies, 4Pittendrigh, C., 203n.9Planck, Max, 60Plant breeding, 23–24, 39, 41Plato, 3Polyps, 177–78, 179–80Positive feedback, 107–8Pott, Percival, 119Prader-Willi Syndrome, 112Preformationism, 8–13, 20–23.

Seealso Gene-P/Gene-D distinctionMendelian preformationism, 24–25,26–28Proliferin, 105–6, 188Prostate cancer, 166Proteinsclasses of, 139cytoskeletal interaction with, 90,93differentiation of, 79, 81–83, 85–86,104movement of, 79, 83–84, 86–94phosphorylation of, 108–9protein-first model of the origins oflife, 99proteolytic, 108synthesis of, 65, 81, 82, 94Pythagorean positivism, 70Quantum mechanics, 56, 57–59Rathke, Heinrich, 123Rb (retinoblastoma tumor suppressorgene), 154Reaktionsnormen, 30Red blood cells, 92–93Redundancy, 190, 197Reflective judgment, 9–10Regeneration, 162–63Reil, Johann Christian, 124–25Remak, Robert, 123, 126–27Replicators (selfish genes), 194–95Retinoblastoma, 144–45Retroviruses, 134, 136–40Reverse transcriptase, 134, 135Ribbert, Hugo, 128, 129Rich, Alex, 65–66Richards, Robert J., 199n.6RNAcoding of, 66–67in protein synthesis, 65, 81, 82splicing of, 108, 187, 188, 196symbiotic relationship with host,192as a virus, 134, 192–93RNA Tie Club, 65–66Rothman, James E., 77Rous, Peyton, 132–33Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), 133–34,136–37, 138–39Roux, Wilhelm, 31–32RSV (Rous sarcoma virus), 133–34,136–37, 138–39Rubin, Harry, 117–18, 127, 133,170–72, 180–81Saffman, D., 87, 88–89Sanger, Fred, 65IndexSapp, Jan, xvi, 36Sasaki, T., 167Schelling, F.

W. J., 121Schleiden, Matthias, 18, 124, 125Schrödinger, Erwin. See alsoHereditary code-scriptDelbrück’s influence on, 54, 55, 56,57–58influence of, 61Kauffman on, 75, 98Nobel Prize won by, 54What is Life?, 53, 60, 62–63, 98Schwann, Theodor, 18, 124, 125Scrotal cancer, 119Selfish replicator genes, 194–95Self-sustaining order, 98–110Sex, as chromosomally determined,34–35, 37–38Shannon, Claude, 64Shapiro, James, 183Shibboleth, definition of, 199n.1Signal transduction, 91, 139, 177Singer, J., 87Smithers, D.

W., 117, 156–60,180–81. See also Cancer,organizational view ofSNAPs (soluble NSF attachmentproteins), 84SNARES (soluble NSF attachmentprotein receptons), 83–84Somatic mutation hypothesis, xv, xx,117–18, 130–33, 135–36, 144–45,156, 159–60Soul, 6–8Spectrin heterodimers, 92–93, 201n.1Spliceosomes, 188Squamous cell carcinoma, 130–31Square root of n rule, 57src genes, 137–39, 140Stability, biological, 57Stanbridge, Eric, 148Statistical vs. dynamical laws,60–61Steady-state dynamics, 76–77,99–104, 106–7, 108–9, 115227Stehlin, Dominique, 137Stent, Gunther, 53, 55Stromal tissue, 127Sutton, W., 33Sutton-Boveri hypothesis, 33–34Symbiotic model, 191–94, 203n.6Teleology, 4–5, 9–11, 199n.6Teleomechanism, 12–13, 28“teleonomic,” use of term, 196,203n.9Telescopes, 124Temin, Howard, 133, 134, 135–36,137, 140–41Ten Commandments, 110Tetrahymena, 96Teutophrys, 96Thermodynamics, equilibrium, 61,76, 84–85, 91, 94–95, 98–99Thiersch, C., 129Todero, G.

J., 134–35, 136–37,140–41Transcendental morphology, 121Transfection, 146, 152, 202n.3Transgenic mouse experiments,148Translation, 64–71, 201n.2Treviranus, Gottfried Reinhold,202n.1Tumors, 119, 124, 133. See alsoCancerTurner’s syndrome, 112Urodele amphibians, regeneration in,162–63Varmus, Harold, 137, 138–39,140–41. See also Oncogene modelof cancerVersammlung DeutscherNaturforscher und Årtzte (1828),123Virchow, Rudolph, 18–19, 75, 120,126–27, 129, 180Vogelstein, Bert, 174–80228IndexVogt, O., 200n.13von Baer, Karl Ernst, 13–16, 14 (fig.)on embranchment of animals,121–22on germ layers, 121, 123on mammalian ovulation, 17–18,123and Müller, 123on organ differentiation, 122–23von Haller, Albrecht, 199–200n.7,200n.11von Hansemann, D., 130von Neumann, John, 65–66, 70Waddington, Conrad, 54, 117,200n.8Watson, James, 2, 44, 53, 64Weinberg, Robert, 148Weiner, Norbert, 65–66Weismann, August, 25, 29, 31on germ cells vs.

soma, 20–21,193on sequestration of germ tissue(molecular Weismannism), 110Weiss, Paul, 19, 36What is Life? (Schrödinger), 53, 60,62–63, 98Whitehead Institute for BiomedicalResearch, 200–201n.14Whitman, Charles Otis, 22, 31, 33,34–35, 42, 43Wieldand, Felix T., 77Wilms tumor (WT-1) gene, 145Wilson, Edmund Beecher, 22–23, 33,37Wolf, U., 75Wolffian body (mesonephros), 16–17,123Woltereck, R., 30Wright, Sewall, 109Wu, J. T., 90X-ray induced cancer, 130–31Yamagiwa, Katsusaburo, 129Yamamoto, Keith, 106Yčas, Martin, 65Yellow bile, 118Yomo, T., 99Yoshida, T., 167.