Atlas of the Caucasian Languages. Koryakov (2002) (карта Кавказа и Закавказья (2015))

Yuri B. KoryakovATLAS OF CAUCASIAN LANGUAGESwith Language GuideIN SERIES:LinguariumATLAS OF THE LANGUAGES OF THE WORLDINSTITUTE OF LINGUISTICSRUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCESMOSCOW2002CONTENTS:INTRODUCTION TO THE ALW SERIES .................................................................................... 1Structure of the edition......................................................................................................................................................

1Structure of the Guide ........................................................................................................................................................ 1OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 4Caucasian languages ........................................................................................................................................................... 4Region of Caucasia................................................................................................................................................................

4BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................... 8GENEALOGIC CHART ........................................................................................................... 8THE GUIDE ........................................................................................................................ 10North Caucasian.................................................................................................................................................................

10Kartvelian .............................................................................................................................................................................. 22INDEX................................................................................................................................ 25MAPS (17 unbound leaves; #7 & #13 share one leave):1. North Caucasian & Kartvelian: Overview (Caucasus area)shown all Caucasian languages spoken in the Caucasia2.

Circassian: Western partCircassian in Krasnodarsky territory and Adygea Republic3. Kabardian & AbazaKabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia and adjacent areas4. Adyghe-Abkhaz in mid. 19th century (Western part)all Adyghe-Abkhaz (exc. of Kabarda) before exodus to Ottoman Empire5. AbkhaziaAbkhaz, Georgian, Mingrelian & Svan before Civil war (early 1990s)6. Veynakh (late 20th century)Chechnya, Ingushetia & east of North Ossetia in early and late 1990s7.

Veynakh in early 20th centuryVeynakh before deportation to Siberia & Central Asia8. Dagestanian languages: OverviewNakh-Dagestanic of Dagestan & north Azerbaijan9. Dagestanian languages: WestAndic & Didoic languages and west of Avar area10. Dagestanian languages: CenterDargwic & Lak languages, east of Avar area & Archi language11. Dagestanian languages: SouthLezgic & southern outliers of Lak & Dargwic12.

Alazani-Avtoran valleyGeorgian, Avar, Tsakhur in Qax-Zaqatala-Balakan area & east Kakhetia13. Agvan area in Middle AgesAgvan-Udi from 4th to 19th centuries14. Kartvelian: OverviewKartvelian in Georgia, Azerbaijan & north-east Turkey15. Kartvelian: North-WestSvan, Mingrelian & north-west of Georgian in Georgia16.

Kartvelian: South-WestLaz & south-west of Georgian in Turkey & Georgia17. Kartvelian: North & Center and southern NakhGeorgian, Bats & Kisti in mid-Georgia18. Caucasian languages in TurkeyAdyghe-Abkhaz, Veynakh, Dagestanic, Laz & Georgian in diasporaAtlas of the Caucasian languages1IntroductionINTRODUCTION TO THE ATLAS OF THE LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD ( ALW ) SERIESStructure of the editionPREFACE. Contains short information about Caucasian languages & Caucasia in general: inner grouping,outer affiliation, administrative division of the region, national languages and bi- & multilingualism.GUIDE. Covers all groups, languages and dialects of the group concerned and contains following categoriesof data: index codes, all linguonyms in English and many in other languages, autolinguonyms, number of speakers, location, scripts, other languages used, condition of language "health", interlinguistic relationships and noteson ethnic groups (see more detailed information below).ATLAS.

All idioms having separate entries in the Guide are shown on the maps. There are overview maps forall Caucasian languages and for some Caucasian languages’ groups, as well as several historical linguistic maps(Adyghe-Abkhaz in mid. 19th century, Veynakh in early 20th c., Agvan area) and detailed maps for linguisticallymore complex areas of Caucasus (Abkhazia, Andic languages, Alazani-Avtoran valley, etc).Index codes from the Guide are used to numerate idioms on maps thus any idiom can be easily identified andfound within the first part.No political statement is intended by the placement of any boundary lines on any map.INDEX. Last but not least part of the ALW.

It contains all linguonyms and ethnonyms mentioned in otherparts. All names are ordered alphabetically: first of all come names in Latin script, then in other scripts used inthe Guide (especially in Cyrillic). Each name is identified with the index code which helps to find this linguonymin the Guide.Structure of the GuideThe data in the Guide is structured according to language systematics which is based on genetic classification. To make the systematics of languages given here more precise and comparable, a system of taxa based onlexicostatistical data is used.Using lexicostatistic data. Lexicostatistical method is usually used for measuring the degrees of differencebetween related languages in terms of years of separation calculated with the help of percentage of basic vocabulary items shared by two languages.

Only percentage of cognates1 is given in the Guide and no time of separationsince different formulas exist to calculate time of divergence. Also cognates’ percentage is quite enough to classify the languages2.The following are taxa3 or ranks for degrees of relationship, correlated with lexicostatistical percent cognates.

The figures given are minimal bounds.Family – the upper basic level on which whole systematics is founded. It is the group of definitely but longrange related languages which share at least 20 percent cognates.Taxa for all levels below down to the language are not distinguished.

They are all labelled just as groupswith indications of percent cognates (in square brackets) between component groups or languages:ADYGHE-ABKHAZ group [53-55]4. See also Table 2.Language / dialect. Since language and dialect are distinguished usually on base of sociolinguistic criteriarather than structural ones, it is impossible to put these terms in foundation of the systematics. Therefore here weuse four levels for languages and dialects which are clearly defined structurally or lexicostatistically. The information whether an idiom is traditionally treated as language or dialect is indicated in reference data for it (seeLanguage / dialect status below).

See these levels in Table 1.1Most lexicostatistical data are taken from Starostin 2002; data on Didoic and Kartvelian languages are provided byYakov Testelec, on Dargwic by Rasul O. Mutalov and Yakov G. Testelec, and on Andic also by Timur A. Maisak.2We draw basically on a formula developed by Sergey A. Starostin [Starostin 2002] rather than on the traditionalSwadesh procedure.

According to the former, 5 percent of the 100 words expressing basic concepts is replaced every1,000 years, and two languages that separated 1,000 years ago will share 90 percent cognates (95 percent of 95 is 90).3Taxonomy is a system of taxa. Taxon (pl. taxa) is a particular level of classification as well as a name of this level.4If not a single number is given but a range it means that languages of the group were diverged from a dialect continuumbut not from a “monolithic” language.2Atlas of the Caucasian languagesIntroductionTable 1.

Idiom levels with examples.levelsIdiom-1 level [89-95 percent cognates betweencomponent idioms] normally corresponds to a)quite distinct languages (which are almost mutually unintelligible) or b) group of close relatedlanguages.Idiom-2 [95-99] – group of dialects or separatelanguages (with partial inherent intelligibility).Idiom-3 [99-100] – dialects (with very good inherent intelligibility).Idiom-4 – subdialects (virtually one idiom withvery slight differences); indicated only if necessary.examplesa)English, French5b)East Slavonic, Ibero-RomancePicard, Walloon,Standard French, …namurois, liégeois,wallo-picard, …liégeois "proper,malmédien,verviétois, …Belarussian, South Russian,North Russian, Ukrainian;Galician, Portuguese, Spanishnorth portuguese, central portuguese, braziliancoimbrese, lisbonese,…No taxa for language / dialect levels are indicated in the Guide.

These levels are distinguished only withconventional spelling of basic names. See Table 2.This distinction is also important for maps. Idiom levels are distinguished with fills (different fills for idiom-2and upper levels and one fill for idiom-3 and -4 levels) and outlines (see Key list for details).In certain cases, traditional "languages" have cognates’ percentage between component "dialects" much lessthan 89% and thus correspond to a level of a group. Some of those languages are already treated by modernlinguists as groups of languages (e.g. Chinese, Arabic, German) others are still viewed as single languages (oftenfor lack of information)6 .All lexicostatistical information is cumulated in the genealogic chart (see below).DATA IN THE GUIDEThe Guide contains following categories of data.¨ Index code used for reference inside this edition.

Every idiom and group has its own unique code. Each codecomprises a number of family (1-99) + upper-case letters marking successive levels of groups within the family(none to four depending on depth of the family)7 + numbers (for idiom-1) and lower-case letters (for idiom-2,3,4levels).See Table 2 for example. Different levels are also distinguished by different indents as it is seen from thetable.Table 2. Example of Reference coding and Typography of basic names.Code11B1BB-11a1ab1agaTaxonfamily [24]group [32]idiom-1idiom-2idiom-3 (dialect)idiom-3 (dialect)idiom-4 (subdialect)Basic nameNORTH CAUCASIANNAKH-DAGESTANICAVARNorth Avarbolmatsnorth-east avarteletlinTypography of basic namesBold, full capitals, bigger sizeBold, full capitals, fixed width fontBold, full capitals, variable width font (VWF)Bold, initial capital, vwfNormal, expanded, all smalls, VWFNormal, exp., all smalls, VWF, smaller sizeTo make the reading of the Guide and Maps easier, groups’ numbers are omitted in codes for idiom-2 andlower levels, and only the last letter is kept in code for idiom-4 level.5Underlined names are opened up below.E.g.

Svan [see in the Guide: 2-4], Dargwa [1BE], Yukagir.7To reduce the length of the Index code only a few groups within each family are marked with upper-case letters (1B,1BB, etc) kept in codes for lower levels; others are marked with hyphened upper-case letters (1B-A, 1-B, etc) not kept incodes for lower levels. For example, in Kartvelian family further division is not marked in codes since it contains only 6languages.6Atlas of the Caucasian languages3Introduction¨ Numbers of the maps representing this group or idiom. Numbers of basic maps (i.e.