1Abylkalikov_Summary (Роль миграции в формировании населения регионов России в конце XIX – начале XXI вв)

National Research University Higher School of EconomicsAs an manuscriptSalavat Irgalievich AbylkalikovRole of Migration in the Formation of the Population in the Regions of Russiaat the end of 19th – beginning of 21st centuriesThesis Summaryfor the purpose of obtaining PhD in Sociology HSEAcademic supervisor:Candidate of the Geographic SciencesLiliya Borisovna KarachurinaMoscow, 2018Relevance of the researchThe distribution of the population across the territory of Russia observedtoday is predominantly determined by migration processes which took place in theRussian Empire, in the Soviet Union, and in the post-Soviet period.

Starting theend of 19th century, until present day, the country has undergone significant social,economic and political transformations, it was devastated by several large wars andcatastrophes, and more than once changed its development trajectory. During thepast 150 years, the country has been living through the period of demographic andsocial modernization of the Russian society, turning from agricultural, peasantcountry into an industrial and urbanized state. These socio-economic changes haveproduced impact on the population migration. People started moving from ruralareas to cities in search of jobs; they resettled in the Asian part of the country in theperiod of agricultural and later industrial and urban development of this territory,and some of them moved back to the European part of the country; Russianspeaking professionals, workers and their family members moved to the CentralAsia and Transcaucasia, and some of them later returned to Russia as compatriotsfrom the former USSR republics and are treated now as international immigrants.Migration was a complicated and debatable phenomenon.

In some cases, it was acompletely spontaneous movement, in others -– encouraged by the state authorities(both voluntary and forced migration), sometimes people returned, sometimessettled in isolated northern territories, became founders of villages and cities inSiberia and the Far East, moved to live in the capital cities of Russia afterovercoming administrative hurdles. Migration strategies and trajectories chosen byindividuals have had specific impact on the population dynamics both in theregions of destination and regions of departure.The administrative migration data covering the period under study cannotprovide the full picture of the migration processes in Russia. Due tomethodological inaccuracies, administrative negligence, shifts of the administrativeborders of the regions, as well as incompleteness of the collected data, migrationprocesses remain largely obscure both at the country level and regional level.2Therefore, the population census data emerges as an essential source ofinformation which makes it possible to conduct a reliable quantitative analysis ofmigration processes in Russia for a long period of time.

Population census data canbe used for the analysis of interdistrict and interregional migration of thepopulation at a fixed date (the critical moment of the census), and thus, allows fordefining a socio-demographic profile of the regions at a date of the census, whilerevealing the shifts in the migration trends in the regions which happened in theinter-census period.One of the key questions used to study migration is the question about theplace of birth. This question was included into the census questionnaires of 1897,1926. 1989, 2002 and 2010.

Based on the answers to this question, the populationcan be divided into two categories: natives (autochthonous population) and nonnatives (allochthonous population). Return migrants - people born in a giventerritory, who then moved out and later moved back, - fall under a separatecategory.Between 1897 and 2010, Russia’s population structure showing how thepopulation was divided between natives and non-natives has changed a lot. In1897, the population in the Russian Empire was primarily composed of nonmigrants1, while by 2010, these people composed the minor part of the population(fig.1).In some regions the difference between the shares of migrants and nonmigrants is quite significant. This is true both for the end of 19th century and for thebeginning of the 21st century.Although examples of research on various aspects of migration anddemographic processes in Russia are rather numerous, previous works paid littleattention to the process of the population formation in the regions, and to the roleof intraregional migration (which is especially relevant for migration from rural tourban areas, i.e.

in the context of urbanization).1Non-migrants include individuals born on a given territory who never moved out.3Fig.1 Population structure based on the criteria of the place of birth, 1897 and2010.2Created by the author, based on the population census data of 1897 and 2010.Additionally, understudied is also the question about directions of outmigration: where people who moved out of the regions they were born, settled?Whether they had any preferences in terms of destinations or the choice ofdestination was spontaneous? Importantly, the contribution of migration into theformation of the population is determined not by migration inflows, but rather bynet migration which depends on how successful the adaptation of the newcomerswas.Thus, several research questions can be formulated. How migration flowsbetween regions have been changing from decade to decade? Are there significantdifferences between regions in terms of migration profile? Is it feasible to findanswers to these questions or the possibilities of studying migration dynamics arequite limited? What is the actual contribution of international immigration to thepopulation size of Russia and Russian regions?Considering depopulation and so-called ‘compression’ of (social andeconomic) space, emergence of the new types of migration, increased role ofmigration in the population size dynamics of the country and its regions, theresearch focused on the population formation processes and the role of migration2Due to the methodological differences of the population censuses of 1897 and 2010, figure 1 shows mostcompatible categories of the population based on the criteria of the place of birth.4in these processes starting the end of 19th century, seems highly relevant bothacademically and practically.Subject of the research is population of the regions of Russia.Object of the research is migration processes in the regions of Russia andtheir impact on the population structure by place of birth.Objective of the research is to find out the patterns of populationformation on the regions of Russia from the end of 19th century up to the presentday.Goals of the research are:– to describe relationship between demographic changes and migrationprocesses;– to analyse evolution of preferences in terms of migration destinations andevaluate the contribution of migration in the population formation in theregions of Russia using the population census data of 1897, 1926, 1989, 2002and 2010;– to describe key socio-demographic characteristics of migrants and nonmigrants;– to define the role of immigration from former Soviet republics in thepopulation formation of regions of Russia in the post-Soviet period.Chronologically, the research covers the period starting with the firstpopulation census of 1897 conducted in the Russian Empire and ending withRussia’s population census of 2010, which is the most recent one.State-of-the-art of the research problemThe major contribution to the research focused on peasant overpopulationand colonization before 1917, was made by A.A.

Kaufman, I.L. Yamzin, A.I.Gurvich, A.A. Manuilov, M.K. Lubavsky, B.N. Mironov. Rural overpopulation inthe soviet period was studied by L.I. Lubna-Gertsyk, V.P. Voschinin, V.Y.Nagnibeda, V.V. Obolensky (Osinsky) and V.B. Zhiromskaya. These works aregenerally focused wither only on the place of destination or place of departure of5the resettlers. Temporary, seasonal labour migration (so-called otkhodnichestvo3)of peasants was studied by D.N. Zhbankov, N.V.

Shkhovskoy, L.Y. Mints, N.N.Vladimirsky. Rural-to-urban resettlement was covered in works of Y.E. Yanson,N.A. Kablukov, and A.S. Akhiyezer. Migration in the Russian Empire and in theUSSR was studied by scholars outside Russia, such as F. Lorimer, B. Anderson,J.W. Leasure, R.A. Lewis, R.H.

Rowland, C. Buckley, А. Maryański. Academicworks in history are usually focused on migration process at the country level,without going into regional specifics.Population census data of 1897 was utilized by B.V. Tikhonov and V.V.Pokshishevsky, to investigate migration between provinces in the Russian Empire,based on the information about the place of birth. Migration exchange betweendistricts were studied by L.I. Borodkin using the population census data of 1926.E.E.

Skaterschikova explored Russia’s population structure using the data on theplace of birth from the population census of 1989. V.A. Efremova used populationcensus data of 1989 and 2002 to study migration exchange between regions ofRussia.Migration flows between cities. Population formation in the cities ofMoscow, Leningrad, cities of Donbass was studied by S.A. Kovalev, E.A. Lyamin,A.I.