by-samsonova-l_s_-skubrieva-a_i_-obuchenie-chte-2897500-_z-lib_org (Методичка для подготовки к экзамену для СМ6), страница 7

The missile warhead is activatedeven against aluminum targets and partially concealed targets.In conventional overflight missiles a keyhole effect resulting in reducedpenetration into the target is caused by a shaped charge jet which developsduring the missile flight. The LAW warhead incorporates a dynamicallycompensated shaped and copper lined charge to retain the penetrationcharacteristics. The charge is 102 mm in diameter.10B. Memorize the following key terms:“fire9and9forget” – “выстрелил и забыл”foldaway – откиднойcarrying straps – ружейный ременьmounting rail – (зд.) порученьhatch – люкline of sight – линия визирования, прицеливанияangular speed – угловая скорость32to initiate – воспламенятьsensor – датчикproximity fuse – неконтактный взрывательkey hole – попадание снаряда плашмяpenetration characteristic – пробивная способность, бронепроби9ваемость11A.

Read and translate Text 3C. Words to help you:to propel – продвигать вперед, приводить в движениеhollow – пустотелый, пустойto ignite – зажигать, воспламенятьto insert – вставлятьto impart – придавать, сообщатьenvironment – условие, окружающая средаto involve – вовлекать, заключать в себяthus – таким образомbehavior – режим работы, поведениеconcern – забота, интересinevitably – неизбежно, неминуемоcurrent – текущийto carve – пробивать себе дорогуpredominant – доминирующийto take over – принять на себя, вступать в силуconstraint – ограничениеarrangement – устройство, приспособление, мераlethal – смертоносный, смертельныйText 3CHigh Explosive ProjectilesHistoryEarly projectiles consisted merely of a solid iron ball propelled bya gunpowder charge.

Many experiments were carried out in an effort toimprove the destructive power of the projective with little success untilhollow projectiles were produced filled with explosive and initiated by a fuse.Early designs utilized an iron ball filled with gunpowder which was ignitedon firing using a piece of slow burning match inserted in its side. This wasa hazardous affair and gave very inconsistent results. With rifled barrelsprojectiles became cylindrical with rounded ogival heads but there were33certain problems to be overcome. One of these was severe wear in barrelsdue to gas wash past the projectiles.Several designs of gas check were tried without success until a fixed gascheck fitted to the base of the projectile and equipped with ribs or projectionsto fit the grooves in the barrel was introduced.

This reduced wear and resultedin greater weapon accuracy. It was discovered that the gas check impartedspin to the projectile and this led to the driving band as we know it today.Requirement of a projectileA high explosive (HE) projectile must be cheap, easy and safe tomanufacture, it must be strong enough to withstand firing stresses, stableand accurate in flight and function efficiently at the target.

Undoubtedlythis raises a conflict for the designer.At the GunWhen the gun is fired the projectile is accelerated along a relativelyshort barrel from zero to a few hundred meters per second in quick timeand this results in a considerable set back force on the projectile. Thisdictates the thickness of the shell wall and base. The projectile is also spunin the same environment from zero to several thousand revolutions perminute and this involves pressure from the driving band on to the shell wallnear the base plus rotational acceleration.

With long projectiles, when firedin worn guns, there is a tendency to “buffeting” in the barrel which producesside9slap (боковой удар) on the projectile. All these forces and othersinfluenced the design of HE projectiles.During FlightAlthough it is mainly the problem of the ballistician, the behaviora projectile produces during flight is also the concern of the user from theaccuracy aspect and does affect the quantity of HE carried and thus terminaleffects. The main factors are stability, shape and carrying power. Stabilityof a projectile is achieved by spinning and provides accuracy with predictablerange. Because the strength requirements at the gun inevitably give theprojectile a base heavy effect it must be spun to ensure that the nose travelsfirst. Stability ensures that the projectile will always point along thetrajectory but there is a limit beyond which stability is not possible with34current spin rates, if the shell is too long.

Current spun projectiles aretherefore restricted to about seven times the caliber length. Shape alsoplays a part in that a pointed nose carves more easily through the air thana blunt nose and a streamlined base has less drag than a cylindrical base.Where projectiles are fired with both sub9 and supersonic velocities theyare streamlined at nose and base. For subsonic velocities base shape ispredominant but at supersonic values nose shape takes over.Carrying power is the ability of the projectile to reach the target andthis depends quite naturally on its mass, shape and diameter.At the TargetHaving reached the target despite all the above constraints, the projectilemust produce the required terminal effects as efficiently as possible.

Thisinvolves good fuzing and initiating arrangements and an adequate filling ofHE. There must be sufficient HE to break up the steel projectile into lethalfragments and project them consistently over a defined area.AmmunitionThe driving band is usually made of copper and positioned towards therear of the projectile in such a way that it adds as little as possible to basedrag and ideally should not project the surface of the projectile body onleaving the gun.This ideal can only be met by discard at the muzzle and is only utilizedin special projectiles. The driving band has several functions such as: tocentre the projectile in the bore and rotate it; to prevent the forward escapeof gases from the propellant charge and to prevent slip back of the projectilewhen loaded at high elevations. The driving band also, through initialfrictions with the rifling, allows gas pressure to build up before rotating theshell.11B.

Memorize the following key terms:gunpowder – черный (дымный) порохmatch – фитиль, огнепровод, запалrib – поле нареза, реброogival head – оживальная головкаwear – износgas check – обтюратор35driving band – ведущий поясокset back – задержкаbase – база, основание, орудийная платформаbuffeting – наносить удары, ударятьсяstreamlined – обтекаемой формыdrag – (лобовое) сопротивлениеelevation – вертикальная наводка, угол прицеливанияfriction – трениеfilling – снаряжение снаряда (процесс)11C. Describe.1. The forces influencing the design of HE projectile. 2.

The mainfactors acting on the behavior of a projectile during its flight.SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTSText 1Tow 2 Heavy Anti*Tank Missile, USAThe BGM971 TOW wire9guided heavy anti9tank missile is producedby Raytheon Systems Company. The weapon is used in anti9armour, anti9bunker, anti9fortification and anti9amphibious landing roles. TOW is inservice with over 45 armed forces and is integrated on over 15,000 ground,vehicle and helicopter platforms worldwide.The missiles can be fired from the ground using a tripod9mountedlaunch tube or installed on vehicles.

The TOW missile system can be fittedas a single9tube pedestal mount (тумбовая установка) on military vehiclesor as 29tube or 49tube under9armour systems.Tow missileThe missile has command to line9of9sight guidance (наведение ме9тодом совмещения трех точек). The weapons operator uses a telescopicsight to view a point on the target and then fires the missile. The missile hasa two9stage solid propellant rocket motor.

The operator continues to viewand track the target through the sight. Guidance signals from the guidancecomputer are transmitted along two wires, which spool from the back ofthe missile to the control system on the missile. The control system usesdifferential piston type actuators (поршневой силовой привод).36The missile is fitted with a high intensity thermal beacon, which providesa long9wave infrared tracking (сопровождение) source and a xenonbeacon for short9wave tracking.

This dual9tracking system providesincreased resistance to electro9optical and infrared countermeasures.Tow 2a antitank missileFor penetration of tanks protected with explosive reactive armour(ERA), TOW 2A is equipped with a tandem warhead. A small disruptercharge detonates the reactive armour and allows the main shaped charge topenetrate the main armour.Tow 2a bunker busterA “bunker buster” variant of the TOW 2A, to defeat field fortifications,bunkers and urban structures has a range of 3,750 m.Tow 2b antitank missileTOW 2B, operates in a “flyover shoot down” top attack mode, unlikeother versions which are direct attack. It features a dual9mode target sensor,which includes laser profilometer and magnetic sensor, and new warheadsection. It resembles the TOW 2A but without the extendible probe, and isarmed with two explosively formed tantalum penetrator (EFP) warheads.The EFP warheads detonate simultaneously, one pointing downwards, theother slightly offset to give an increased hit probability.

The warhead materialis designed to generate pyrophoric effects within the damaged target.Text 2Soldato Futuro – Future Soldier System, ItalyAn industrial team is developing the Italian Soldato Futuro, future soldiersystem. A prototype development of the Soldato Futuro System has beencompleted and the first is scheduled to enter service by the end of 2007.Clothing and protectionThe combined combat vest and universal support module includescables for the integration of the electrical components worn and carried by37the Soldato Futuro. “The Soldato Futuro body armour provides stabprotection and protection against 9 mm rounds”.

The use of wire linksreduces the volume of electromagnetic radiation, making the soldier lessvulnerable to detection and surveillance and also the systems less vulnerableto electronic countermeasures such as jamming. A new disruptive patternmaterial has been designed for temperate and desert environment versionsof the combat uniform. The soldier will also have a camouflage version ofthe nuclear, biological and chemical protection suit. The body armourprovides stab protection and protection against 9 mm rounds. Boron carbideplates can be fitted to the body armour to provide protection against thepenetration of 7.62 mm armour9piercing rounds.HelmetThe helmet has two visors, a splinter9proof visor and a bullet9proofvisor, and a laser protection goggles.

Various configurations are beingconsidered to integrate the nuclear, biological and chemical warfareprotection face mask.Command and control systemThe soldier wears a touch screen for sending and receiving orders andinformation in the form of both text messages and graphic / image messagesand displaying tactical situations, navigation data, global positioning systemdata over digital maps. The touch screen is wire linked to a pocket9sizedcomputer.The earphone and microphone include a physiological sensor whichwill allow the commander of the infantry section to monitor each soldier’shealth conditions through its command and control system.CommunicationsA new Individual Pocket Radio (IPR) capable of transmitting voiceand data simultaneously is being developed. The IPR of the members of aninfantry section has a range of 1.3 km, which is considered a nominalmaximum spread of an infantry section.